1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
|
GNU libl4
=========
A user-space "library" for L4.
Why use this user space library for L4 and not the official one?
----------------------------------------------------------------
If the official one does what you want, there is no need to use this
one. The reasons why I wrote this one are:
* A leaner and more convenient C interface. Although the same
interface could be implemented on top of the official L4 library, it
is probably not more work to just write a new one from scratch, as the
actual code contained in the library is little. This also applies to
names of functions and data types, which follow the GNU coding
standard (except for the compatibility interface).
* Interface extensions. The official L4 API is pretty minimalistic.
Some generic convenience functions should just be provided by libl4.
Having a separate code base means we can deal in the interface as we
see fit, and be more oriented towards usability in the GNU system
rather than tight definition.
* No struct returns. Many small data types in the official interface
are defined to be of an opaque struct type. This is nice from a data
encapsulation point of view, but causes problems in the C language.
Although all functions the interface defines are usually inlined,
user-defined functions on top of the official interface might use
structure types as return types of functions. However, there are two
calling conventions in use for that, one compatible to PCC which
passes the struct on the stack, and a more efficient one that uses
registers for small structures. Unfortunately, the less efficient one
is the default for some platforms. This makes these data types less
optimal for use in C programs.
* Making best use of available tools. Some additional requirements
lead to code that can be simpler to understand and sometimes even more
efficient. For example, gcc 3.2 supports more than 10 parameters in
asm bindings, and named asm operands. The official libl4 supports
older versions of gcc, too, and does not make use of this feature.
* Complete backward compatibility. This library is supposed to
provide, in addition to the new interface, the same interface as the
official libl4 (unless you define _L4_NOT_COMPAT). This allows you to
double-check that you only use the official interface in your
programs, and makes this library a drop-in replacement for the
official convenience interface.
How to use it
-------------
Normally, you can just include <l4.h> or one of the more specific
header files <l4/*.h> and use the data types and functions. All
functions are always inlined, irregardless of optimization level.
Why is linking with libl4 not necessary?
----------------------------------------
All functions are inlined. There is no library you can use for
linking.
The dynamic linker will fix up the system calls to point directly to
the system call gate in the kernel interface page. It will also
provide its own versions of the global variables (from <l4/globals.h>).
What if I am not using the dynamic linker?
------------------------------------------
If you are not using the dynamic linker, include <l4/globals.h> and
<l4/stubs.h> somewhere (but only once each!) in your program. You
also have to run l4_init() (defined in <l4/init.h>) and
l4_init_stubs() (defined in <l4/stubs-init.h>) to initialize the
global variables and fixup the system call stubs.
What compiler do I need?
------------------------
You need a recent gcc (3.2). Other compilers are not known to be
supported. GCC earlier than 3.1 is known not to be supported. The
requirements are:
* Support for a variety of GCC extensions, like:
** Inline assembler, including named input and output arguments.
** Attributes like always_inline, const, pure, and type.
** Builtin functions like __builtin_const_p.
* Internal representation of bit-fields that tightly packs all
bit-fields (which sizes add up to word size) in the order of the
endianess of the architecture into a single word, and the bits
within the individual bit-fields in the same order.
* Your compiler must provide a __builtin_memcpy that optimizes copies
of fixed small size (one or two machine words). The memcpy's are
necessary to not break strict aliasing rules. (But on the plus
side, you can use strict aliasing optimization).
What is the status of the library?
----------------------------------
The following interfaces are provided
compat Enabled by default or if _L4_INTERFACE_L4 is defined, can
be disabled by defining _L4_NOT_COMPAT.
The compat interface is supposed to (eventually) be a drop-in
replacement for the official libl4 library. Currently, this is not
the case, though. Some inofficial interfaces are not implemented, and
the system call stubs behave differently (the official library
initializes them lazily, while in GNU libl4 they have to be
initialized explicitely or implicitely by the linker).
gnu Enabled if _GNU_SOURCE of _L4_INTERFACE_GNU is defined.
The GNU interface is the interface of our choice. It provides all of
the functionality of the official interface, and more. It does not
provide a C++ API, though.
Overall status:
The operations on the TIME data type have not been implemented
(_L4_time_point, _L4_time_add_usec, etc) yet.
Architecture specific status:
i386 complete and up-to-date
powerpc complete and up-to-date
others not implemented
See also the file TODO if you want to help.
Copyright 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Written by Marcus Brinkmann <marcus@gnu.org>
This file is free software; as a special exception the author gives
unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, with or without
modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without even the
implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
|
