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In case of malformed relocation record of kind BPF_CORE_TYPE_ID_LOCAL
referencing a non-existing BTF type, function bpf_core_calc_relo_insn
would cause a null pointer deference.
Fix this by adding a proper check upper in call stack, as malformed
relocation records could be passed from user space.
Simplest reproducer is a program:
r0 = 0
exit
With a single relocation record:
.insn_off = 0, /* patch first instruction */
.type_id = 100500, /* this type id does not exist */
.access_str_off = 6, /* offset of string "0" */
.kind = BPF_CORE_TYPE_ID_LOCAL,
See the link for original reproducer or next commit for a test case.
Fixes: 74753e1462e7 ("libbpf: Replace btf__type_by_id() with btf_type_by_id().")
Reported-by: Liu RuiTong <cnitlrt@gmail.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/CAK55_s6do7C+DVwbwY_7nKfUz0YLDoiA1v6X3Y9+p0sWzipFSA@mail.gmail.com/
Acked-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240822080124.2995724-2-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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Let the kmemdup_array() take care about multiplication and possible
overflows.
Signed-off-by: Yu Jiaoliang <yujiaoliang@vivo.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240821073709.4067177-1-yujiaoliang@vivo.com
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Eduard Zingerman says:
====================
__jited test tag to check disassembly after jit
Some of the logic in the BPF jits might be non-trivial.
It might be useful to allow testing this logic by comparing
generated native code with expected code template.
This patch set adds a macro __jited() that could be used for
test_loader based tests in a following manner:
SEC("tp")
__arch_x86_64
__jited(" endbr64")
__jited(" nopl (%rax,%rax)")
__jited(" xorq %rax, %rax")
...
__naked void some_test(void) { ... }
Also add a test for jit code generated for tail calls handling to
demonstrate the feature.
The feature uses LLVM libraries to do the disassembly.
At selftests compilation time Makefile detects if these libraries are
available. When libraries are not available tests using __jit_x86()
are skipped.
Current CI environment does not include llvm development libraries,
but changes to add these are trivial.
This was previously discussed here:
https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240718205158.3651529-1-yonghong.song@linux.dev/
Patch-set includes a few auxiliary steps:
- patches #2 and #3 fix a few bugs in test_loader behaviour;
- patch #4 replaces __regex macro with ability to specify regular
expressions in __msg and __xlated using "{{" "}}" escapes;
- patch #8 updates __xlated to match disassembly lines consequently,
same way as __jited does.
Changes v2->v3:
- changed macro name from __jit_x86 to __jited with __arch_* to
specify disassembly arch (Yonghong);
- __jited matches disassembly lines consequently with "..."
allowing to skip some number of lines (Andrii);
- __xlated matches disassembly lines consequently, same as __jited;
- "{{...}}" regex brackets instead of __regex macro;
- bug fixes for old commits.
Changes v1->v2:
- stylistic changes suggested by Yonghong;
- fix for -Wformat-truncation related warning when compiled with
llvm15 (Yonghong).
v1: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240809010518.1137758-1-eddyz87@gmail.com/
v2: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240815205449.242556-1-eddyz87@gmail.com/
====================
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240820102357.3372779-1-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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Both __xlated and __jited work with disassembly.
It is logical to have both work in a similar manner.
This commit updates __xlated macro handling in test_loader.c by making
it expect matches on sequential lines, same way as __jited operates.
For example:
__xlated("1: *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r1") ;; matched on line N
__xlated("3: r0 = &(void __percpu *)(r0)") ;; matched on line N+1
Also:
__xlated("1: *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r1") ;; matched on line N
__xlated("...") ;; not matched
__xlated("3: r0 = &(void __percpu *)(r0)") ;; mantched on any
;; line >= N
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240820102357.3372779-10-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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A program calling sub-program which does a tail call.
The idea is to verify instructions generated by jit for tail calls:
- in program and sub-program prologues;
- for subprogram call instruction;
- for tail call itself.
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240820102357.3372779-9-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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Allow to verify jit behaviour by writing tests as below:
SEC("tp")
__arch_x86_64
__jited(" endbr64")
__jited(" nopl (%rax,%rax)")
__jited(" xorq %rax, %rax")
...
__naked void some_test(void)
{
asm volatile (... ::: __clobber_all);
}
Allow regular expressions in patterns, same way as in __msg.
By default assume that each __jited pattern has to be matched on the
next consecutive line of the disassembly, e.g.:
__jited(" endbr64") # matched on line N
__jited(" nopl (%rax,%rax)") # matched on line N+1
If match occurs on a wrong line an error is reported.
To override this behaviour use __jited("..."), e.g.:
__jited(" endbr64") # matched on line N
__jited("...") # not matched
__jited(" nopl (%rax,%rax)") # matched on any line >= N
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240820102357.3372779-7-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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This commit adds a utility function to get disassembled text for jited
representation of a BPF program designated by file descriptor.
Function prototype looks as follows:
int get_jited_program_text(int fd, char *text, size_t text_sz)
Where 'fd' is a file descriptor for the program, 'text' and 'text_sz'
refer to a destination buffer for disassembled text.
Output format looks as follows:
18: 77 06 ja L0
1a: 50 pushq %rax
1b: 48 89 e0 movq %rsp, %rax
1e: eb 01 jmp L1
20: 50 L0: pushq %rax
21: 50 L1: pushq %rax
^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
| binary insn | textual insn
| representation | representation
| |
instruction offset inferred local label name
The code and makefile changes are inspired by jit_disasm.c from bpftool.
Use llvm libraries to disassemble BPF program instead of libbfd to avoid
issues with disassembly output stability pointed out in [1].
Selftests makefile uses Makefile.feature to detect if LLVM libraries
are available. If that is not the case selftests build proceeds but
the function returns -EOPNOTSUPP at runtime.
[1] commit eb9d1acf634b ("bpftool: Add LLVM as default library for disassembling JIT-ed programs")
Acked-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240820102357.3372779-6-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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Upcoming changes require a notation to specify regular expression
matches for regular verifier log messages, disassembly of BPF
instructions, disassembly of jited instructions.
Neither basic nor extended POSIX regular expressions w/o additional
escaping are good for this role because of wide use of special
characters in disassembly, for example:
movq -0x10(%rbp), %rax ;; () are special characters
cmpq $0x21, %rax ;; $ is a special character
*(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r1 ;; * and () are special characters
This commit borrows syntax from LLVM's FileCheck utility.
It replaces __regex macro with ability to embed regular expressions
in __msg patters using "{{" "}}" pairs for escaping.
Syntax for __msg patterns:
pattern := (<verbatim text> | regex)*
regex := "{{" <posix extended regular expression> "}}"
For example, pattern "foo{{[0-9]+}}" matches strings like
"foo0", "foo007", etc.
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240820102357.3372779-5-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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__msg, __regex and __xlated tags are based on
__attribute__((btf_decl_tag("..."))) annotations.
Clang de-duplicates such annotations, e.g. the following
two sequences of tags are identical in final BTF:
/* seq A */ /* seq B */
__tag("foo") __tag("foo")
__tag("bar") __tag("bar")
__tag("foo")
Fix this by adding a unique suffix for each tag using __COUNTER__
pre-processor macro. E.g. here is a new definition for __msg:
#define __msg(msg) \
__attribute__((btf_decl_tag("comment:test_expect_msg=" XSTR(__COUNTER__) "=" msg)))
Using this definition the "seq A" from example above is translated to
BTF as follows:
[..] DECL_TAG 'comment:test_expect_msg=0=foo' type_id=X component_idx=-1
[..] DECL_TAG 'comment:test_expect_msg=1=bar' type_id=X component_idx=-1
[..] DECL_TAG 'comment:test_expect_msg=2=foo' type_id=X component_idx=-1
Surprisingly, this bug affects a single existing test:
verifier_spill_fill/old_stack_misc_vs_cur_ctx_ptr,
where sequence of identical messages was expected in the log.
Fixes: 537c3f66eac1 ("selftests/bpf: add generic BPF program tester-loader")
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240820102357.3372779-4-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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Suppose log="foo bar buz" and msg->substr="bar".
In such case current match processing logic would update 'log' as
follows: log += strlen(msg->substr); -> log += 3 -> log=" bar".
However, the intent behind the 'log' update is to make it point after
the successful match, e.g. to make log=" buz" in the example above.
Fixes: 4ef5d6af4935 ("selftests/bpf: no need to track next_match_pos in struct test_loader")
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240820102357.3372779-3-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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When running test_loader based tests in the verbose mode each matched
message leaves a trace in the stderr, e.g.:
./test_progs -vvv -t ...
validate_msgs:PASS:expect_msg 0 nsec
validate_msgs:PASS:expect_msg 0 nsec
validate_msgs:PASS:expect_msg 0 nsec
validate_msgs:PASS:expect_msg 0 nsec
validate_msgs:PASS:expect_msg 0 nsec
This is not very helpful when debugging such tests and clobbers the
log a lot.
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240820102357.3372779-2-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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Andrii Nakryiko says:
====================
Support passing BPF iterator to kfuncs
Add support for passing BPF iterator state to any kfunc. Such kfunc has to
declare such argument with valid `struct bpf_iter_<type> *` type and should
use "__iter" suffix in argument name, following the established suffix-based
convention. We add a simple test/demo iterator getter in bpf_testmod.
====================
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240808232230.2848712-1-andrii@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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Define BPF iterator "getter" kfunc, which accepts iterator pointer as
one of the arguments. Make sure that argument passed doesn't have to be
the very first argument (unlike new-next-destroy combo).
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240808232230.2848712-4-andrii@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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There are potentially useful cases where a specific iterator type might
need to be passed into some kfunc. So, in addition to existing
bpf_iter_<type>_{new,next,destroy}() kfuncs, allow to pass iterator
pointer to any kfunc.
We employ "__iter" naming suffix for arguments that are meant to accept
iterators. We also enforce that they accept PTR -> STRUCT btf_iter_<type>
type chain and point to a valid initialized on-the-stack iterator state.
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240808232230.2848712-3-andrii@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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Verifier enforces that all iterator structs are named `bpf_iter_<name>`
and that whenever iterator is passed to a kfunc it's passed as a valid PTR ->
STRUCT chain (with potentially const modifiers in between).
We'll need this check for upcoming changes, so instead of duplicating
the logic, extract it into a helper function.
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240808232230.2848712-2-andrii@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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Cupertino Miranda says:
====================
Correct recent GCC incompatible changes.
Hi everyone,
Apologies for the previous patches which did not include a cover letter.
My wish was to send 3 indepepdent patches but after the initial mistake lets keep
this as a series although they are all independent from themselves.
The changes in this patch series is related to recovering GCC support to
build the selftests.
A few tests and a makefile change have broken the support for GCC in the
last few months.
Looking forward to your comments.
Best regards,
Cupertino
====================
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240819151129.1366484-1-cupertino.miranda@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
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GCC errors when compiling tailcall_bpf2bpf_hierarchy2.c and
tailcall_bpf2bpf_hierarchy3.c with the following error:
progs/tailcall_bpf2bpf_hierarchy2.c: In function 'tailcall_bpf2bpf_hierarchy_2':
progs/tailcall_bpf2bpf_hierarchy2.c:66:9: error: input operand constraint contains '+'
66 | asm volatile (""::"r+"(ret));
| ^~~
Changed implementation to make use of __sink macro that abstracts the
desired behaviour.
The proposed change seems valid for both GCC and CLANG.
Signed-off-by: Cupertino Miranda <cupertino.miranda@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240819151129.1366484-4-cupertino.miranda@oracle.com
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verfifier_nocsr.c fails to compile in GCC. The reason behind it was
initially explained in commit 27a90b14b93d3b2e1efd10764e456af7e2a42991.
"A few BPF selftests perform type punning and they may break strict
aliasing rules, which are exploited by both GCC and clang by default
while optimizing. This can lead to broken compiled programs."
Signed-off-by: Cupertino Miranda <cupertino.miranda@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240819151129.1366484-2-cupertino.miranda@oracle.com
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Matteo Croce says:
====================
bpf: enable some functions in cgroup programs
From: Matteo Croce <teknoraver@meta.com>
Enable some BPF kfuncs and the helper bpf_current_task_under_cgroup()
for program types BPF_CGROUP_*.
These will be used by systemd-networkd:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/32212
v5->v6:
Called register_btf_kfunc_id_set() only once
Fixed build error with !CONFIG_CGROUPS
v4->v5:
Same code, but v4 had an old cover letter
v3->v4:
Reset all the acked-by tags because the code changed a bit.
Signed-off-by: Matteo Croce <teknoraver@meta.com>
====================
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240819162805.78235-1-technoboy85@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
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The helper bpf_current_task_under_cgroup() currently is only allowed for
tracing programs, allow its usage also in the BPF_CGROUP_* program types.
Move the code from kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c to kernel/bpf/helpers.c,
so it compiles also without CONFIG_BPF_EVENTS.
This will be used in systemd-networkd to monitor the sysctl writes,
and filter it's own writes from others:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/32212
Signed-off-by: Matteo Croce <teknoraver@meta.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240819162805.78235-3-technoboy85@gmail.com
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These kfuncs are enabled even in BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACING, so they
should be safe also in BPF_CGROUP_* programs.
Since all BPF_CGROUP_* programs share the same hook,
call register_btf_kfunc_id_set() only once.
In enum btf_kfunc_hook, rename BTF_KFUNC_HOOK_CGROUP_SKB to a more
generic BTF_KFUNC_HOOK_CGROUP, since it's used for all the cgroup
related program types.
Signed-off-by: Matteo Croce <teknoraver@meta.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240819162805.78235-2-technoboy85@gmail.com
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Currently, compiling the bpf programs will result the compilation errors
with the cf-protection option as follows in arm64 and loongarch64 machine
when using gcc 12.3.1 and clang 17.0.6. This commit fixes the compilation
errors by limited the cf-protection option only used in x86 platform.
[root@localhost linux]# make M=samples/bpf
......
CLANG-bpf samples/bpf/xdp2skb_meta_kern.o
error: option 'cf-protection=return' cannot be specified on this target
error: option 'cf-protection=branch' cannot be specified on this target
2 errors generated.
CLANG-bpf samples/bpf/syscall_tp_kern.o
error: option 'cf-protection=return' cannot be specified on this target
error: option 'cf-protection=branch' cannot be specified on this target
2 errors generated.
......
Fixes: 34f6e38f58db ("samples/bpf: fix warning with ignored-attributes")
Reported-by: Jiangshan Yi <yijiangshan@kylinos.cn>
Signed-off-by: Jiangshan Yi <yijiangshan@kylinos.cn>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Tested-by: Qiang Wang <wangqiang1@kylinos.cn>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240815135524.140675-1-13667453960@163.com
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In `elf_close`, we get this with GCC 15 -O3 (at least):
```
In function ‘elf_close’,
inlined from ‘elf_close’ at elf.c:53:6,
inlined from ‘elf_find_func_offset_from_file’ at elf.c:384:2:
elf.c:57:9: warning: ‘elf_fd.elf’ may be used uninitialized [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
57 | elf_end(elf_fd->elf);
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
elf.c: In function ‘elf_find_func_offset_from_file’:
elf.c:377:23: note: ‘elf_fd.elf’ was declared here
377 | struct elf_fd elf_fd;
| ^~~~~~
In function ‘elf_close’,
inlined from ‘elf_close’ at elf.c:53:6,
inlined from ‘elf_find_func_offset_from_file’ at elf.c:384:2:
elf.c:58:9: warning: ‘elf_fd.fd’ may be used uninitialized [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
58 | close(elf_fd->fd);
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
elf.c: In function ‘elf_find_func_offset_from_file’:
elf.c:377:23: note: ‘elf_fd.fd’ was declared here
377 | struct elf_fd elf_fd;
| ^~~~~~
```
In reality, our use is fine, it's just that GCC doesn't model errno
here (see linked GCC bug). Suppress -Wmaybe-uninitialized accordingly
by initializing elf_fd.fd to -1 and elf_fd.elf to NULL.
I've done this in two other functions as well given it could easily
occur there too (same access/use pattern).
Signed-off-by: Sam James <sam@gentoo.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Link: https://gcc.gnu.org/PR114952
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/14ec488a1cac02794c2fa2b83ae0cef1bce2cb36.1723578546.git.sam@gentoo.org
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__btf_name_valid() can be completely replaced with
btf_name_valid_identifier, and since most of the time you already call
btf_name_valid_identifier instead of __btf_name_valid , it would be
appropriate to rename the __btf_name_valid function to
btf_name_valid_identifier and remove __btf_name_valid.
Signed-off-by: Jeongjun Park <aha310510@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240807143110.181497-1-aha310510@gmail.com
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Kui-Feng Lee says:
====================
Capture packets in the background for flaky test cases related to
network features.
We have some flaky test cases that are difficult to debug without
knowing what the traffic looks like. Capturing packets, the CI log and
packet files may help developers to fix these flaky test cases.
This patch set monitors a few test cases. Recently, they have been
showing flaky behavior.
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:40265 > 127.0.0.1:55907: TCP, length 68, SYN
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:55907 > 127.0.0.1:40265: TCP, length 60, SYN, ACK
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:40265 > 127.0.0.1:55907: TCP, length 60, ACK
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:55907 > 127.0.0.1:40265: TCP, length 52, ACK
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:40265 > 127.0.0.1:55907: TCP, length 52, FIN, ACK
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:55907 > 127.0.0.1:40265: TCP, length 52, RST, ACK
Packet file: packets-2173-86-select_reuseport:sockhash_IPv4_TCP_LOOPBACK_test_detach_bpf-test.log
#280/87 select_reuseport/sockhash IPv4/TCP LOOPBACK test_detach_bpf:OK
The above block is the log of a test case. It shows every packet of a
connection. The captured packets are stored in the file called
packets-2173-86-select_reuseport:sockhash_IPv4_TCP_LOOPBACK_test_detach_bpf-test.log.
We have a set of high-level helpers and a test_progs option to
simplify the process of enabling the traffic monitor. netns_new() and
netns_free() are helpers used to create and delete namespaces while
also enabling the traffic monitor for the namespace based on the
patterns provided by the "-m" option of test_progs. The value of the
"-m" option is a list of patterns used to enable the traffic monitor
for a group of tests or a file containing patterns. CI can utilize
this option to enable monitoring.
traffic_monitor_start() and traffic_monitor_stop() are low-level
functions to start monitoring explicitly. You can have more controls,
however high-level helpers are preferred.
The following block is an example that monitors the network traffic of
a test case in a network namespace.
struct netns_obj *netns;
...
netns = netns_new("test", true);
if (!ASSERT_TRUE(netns, "netns_new"))
goto err;
... test ...
netns_free(netns);
netns_new() will create a network namespace named "test" and bring up
"lo" in the namespace. By passing "true" as the 2nd argument, it will
set the network namespace of the current process to
"test".netns_free() will destroy the namespace, and the process will
leave the "test" namespace if the struct netns_obj returned by
netns_new() is created with "true" as the 2nd argument. If the name of
the test matches the patterns given by the "-m" option, the traffic
monitor will be enabled for the "test" namespace as well.
The packet files are located in the directory "/tmp/tmon_pcap/". The
directory is intended to be compressed as a file so that developers
can download it from the CI.
This feature is enabled only if libpcap is available when building
selftests.
---
Changes from v7:
- Remove ":" with "__" from the file names of traffic logs. ':' would
cause an error of the upload-artifact action of github.
- Move remove_netns() to avoid a forward declaration.
Changes from v6:
- Remove unnecessary memcpy for addresses.
- Make packet messages similar to what tcpdump prints.
- Check return value of inet_ntop().
- Remove duplicated errno in messages.
- Print arphdr_type for not handled packets.
- Set dev "lo" in make_netns().
- Avoid stacking netns by moving traffic_monitor_start() to earlier
position.
- Remove the word "packet" from packet messages.
- Replace pipe with eventfd (wake_fd) to synchronize background threads.
Changes from v5:
- Remove "-m" completely if traffic monitor is not enabled.
Changes from v4:
- Use pkg-config to detect libpcap, and enable traffic monitor if
there is libpcap.
- Move traffic monitor functions back to network_helper.c, and pass
extra parameters to traffic_monitor_start().
- Use flockfile() & funlockfile() to avoid log interleaving.
- Show "In", "Out", "M" ... for captured packets.
- Print a warning message if the user pass a "-m" when libpcap is not
available.
- Bring up dev lo in netns_new().
Changes from v3:
- Rebase to the latest tip of bpf-next/for-next
- Change verb back to C string.
Changes from v2:
- Include pcap header files conditionally.
- Move the implementation of traffic monitor to test_progs.c.
- Include test name and namespace as a part of names of packet files.
- Parse and print ICMP(v4|v6) packets.
- Add netns_new() and netns_free() to create and delete network
namespaces.
- Make tc_redirect, sockmap_listen and select_reuseport test in a
network namespace.
- Add the "-m" option to test_progs to enable traffic monitor for the
tests matching the pattern. CI may use this option to enable
monitoring for a given set of tests.
Changes from v1:
- Move to calling libpcap directly to capture packets in a background
thread.
- Print parsed packet information for TCP and UDP packets.
v1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240713055552.2482367-5-thinker.li@gmail.com/
v2: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240723182439.1434795-1-thinker.li@gmail.com/
v3: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240730002745.1484204-1-thinker.li@gmail.com/
v4: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240731193140.758210-1-thinker.li@gmail.com/
v5: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240806221243.1806879-1-thinker.li@gmail.com/
v6: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240807183149.764711-1-thinker.li@gmail.com/
v7: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240810023534.2458227-2-thinker.li@gmail.com/
====================
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
Enable traffic monitoring for the subtests of select_reuseport.
Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me>
Signed-off-by: Kui-Feng Lee <thinker.li@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240815053254.470944-7-thinker.li@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
Enable traffic monitor for each subtest of sockmap_listen.
Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me>
Signed-off-by: Kui-Feng Lee <thinker.li@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240815053254.470944-6-thinker.li@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
Enable traffic monitoring for the test case tc_redirect.
Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me>
Signed-off-by: Kui-Feng Lee <thinker.li@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240815053254.470944-5-thinker.li@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
netns_new()/netns_free() create/delete network namespaces. They support the
option '-m' of test_progs to start/stop traffic monitor for the network
namespace being created for matched tests.
Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me>
Signed-off-by: Kui-Feng Lee <thinker.li@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240815053254.470944-4-thinker.li@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
Add option '-m' to test_progs to accept names and patterns of test cases.
This option will be used later to enable traffic monitor that capture
network packets generated by test cases.
Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me>
Signed-off-by: Kui-Feng Lee <thinker.li@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240815053254.470944-3-thinker.li@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
Add functions that capture packets and print log in the background. They
are supposed to be used for debugging flaky network test cases. A monitored
test case should call traffic_monitor_start() to start a thread to capture
packets in the background for a given namespace and call
traffic_monitor_stop() to stop capturing. (Or, option '-m' implemented by
the later patches.)
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:40265 > 127.0.0.1:55907: TCP, length 68, SYN
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:55907 > 127.0.0.1:40265: TCP, length 60, SYN, ACK
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:40265 > 127.0.0.1:55907: TCP, length 60, ACK
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:55907 > 127.0.0.1:40265: TCP, length 52, ACK
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:40265 > 127.0.0.1:55907: TCP, length 52, FIN, ACK
lo In IPv4 127.0.0.1:55907 > 127.0.0.1:40265: TCP, length 52, RST, ACK
Packet file: packets-2173-86-select_reuseport:sockhash_IPv4_TCP_LOOPBACK_test_detach_bpf-test.log
#280/87 select_reuseport/sockhash IPv4/TCP LOOPBACK test_detach_bpf:OK
The above is the output of an example. It shows the packets of a connection
and the name of the file that contains captured packets in the directory
/tmp/tmon_pcap. The file can be loaded by tcpdump or wireshark.
This feature only works if libpcap is available. (Could be found by pkg-config)
Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me>
Signed-off-by: Kui-Feng Lee <thinker.li@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240815053254.470944-2-thinker.li@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
Alexis Lothoré (eBPF Foundation) says:
====================
Hello,
this series brings a new set of test converted to the test_progs framework.
Since the tests are quite small, I chose to group three tests conversion in
the same series, but feel free to let me know if I should keep one series
per test. The series focuses on cgroup testing and converts the following
tests:
- get_cgroup_id_user
- cgroup_storage
- test_skb_cgroup_id_user
Changes in v4:
- Fix test after netns addition by making sure loopack interface is up
- Link to v3: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240812-convert_cgroup_tests-v3-0-47ac6ce4e88b@bootlin.com
Changes in v3:
- Fixed multiple leaks on cgroup file descriptors and sockets
- Used dedicated network namespaces for tests involving network
- Link to v2: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240806-convert_cgroup_tests-v2-0-180c57e5b710@bootlin.com
Changes in v2:
- Use global variables instead of maps when possible
- Collect review tags from Alan
- Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240731-convert_cgroup_tests-v1-0-14cbc51b6947@bootlin.com
====================
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
test_skb_cgroup_id_user allows testing skb cgroup id retrieval at different
levels, but is not integrated in test_progs, so it is not run
automatically in CI. The test overlaps a bit with
cgroup_skb_sk_lookup_kern, which is integrated in test_progs and test
extensively skb cgroup helpers, but there is still one major difference
between the two tests which justifies the conversion:
cgroup_skb_sk_lookup_kern deals with a BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SKB (attached
on a cgroup), while test_skb_cgroup_id_user deals with a
BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_CLS (attached on a qdisc)
Convert test_skb_cgroup_id_user into test_progs framework in order to run
it automatically in CI. The main differences with the original test are the
following:
- rename the test to make it shorter and more straightforward regarding
tested feature
- the wrapping shell script has been dropped since every setup step is now
handled in the main C test file
- the test has been renamed for a shorter name and reflecting the tested
API
- add dedicated assert log per level to ease test failure debugging
- use global variables instead of maps to access bpf prog data
Signed-off-by: Alexis Lothoré (eBPF Foundation) <alexis.lothore@bootlin.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240813-convert_cgroup_tests-v4-4-a33c03458cf6@bootlin.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
test_skb_cgroup_id_kern.c is currently involved in a manual test. In its
current form, it can not be used with the auto-generated skeleton APIs,
because the section name is not valid to allow libbpf to deduce the program
type.
Update section name to allow skeleton APIs usage. Also rename the program
name to make it shorter and more straighforward regarding the API it is
testing. While doing so, make sure that test_skb_cgroup_id.sh passes to get
a working reference before converting it to test_progs
- update the obj name
- fix loading issue (verifier rejecting the program when loaded through tc,
because of map not found), by preloading the whole obj with bpftool
Reviewed-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexis Lothoré (eBPF Foundation) <alexis.lothore@bootlin.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240813-convert_cgroup_tests-v4-3-a33c03458cf6@bootlin.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
test_cgroup_storage is currently a standalone program which is not run
when executing test_progs.
Convert it to the test_progs framework so it can be automatically executed
in CI. The conversion led to the following changes:
- converted the raw bpf program in the userspace test file into a dedicated
test program in progs/ dir
- reduced the scope of cgroup_storage test: the content from this test
overlaps with some other tests already present in test_progs, most
notably netcnt and cgroup_storage_multi*. Those tests already check
extensively local storage, per-cpu local storage, cgroups interaction,
etc. So the new test only keep the part testing that the program return
code (based on map content) properly leads to packet being passed or
dropped.
Reviewed-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexis Lothoré (eBPF Foundation) <alexis.lothore@bootlin.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240813-convert_cgroup_tests-v4-2-a33c03458cf6@bootlin.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
get_current_cgroup_id_user allows testing for bpf_get_current_cgroup_id()
bpf API but is not integrated into test_progs, and so is not tested
automatically in CI.
Convert it to the test_progs framework to allow running it automatically.
The most notable differences with the old test are the following:
- the new test relies on autoattach instead of manually hooking/enabling
the targeted tracepoint through perf_event, which reduces quite a lot the
test code size
- it also accesses bpf prog data through global variables instead of maps
- sleep duration passed to nanosleep syscall has been reduced to its
minimum to not impact overall CI duration (we only care about the syscall
being properly triggered, not about the passed duration)
Signed-off-by: Alexis Lothoré (eBPF Foundation) <alexis.lothore@bootlin.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240813-convert_cgroup_tests-v4-1-a33c03458cf6@bootlin.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
License should be
// SPDX-License-Identifier: (LGPL-2.1 OR BSD-2-Clause)
...as with other libbpf files.
Fixes: 19e00c897d50 ("libbpf: Split BTF relocation")
Reported-by: Neill Kapron <nkapron@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240810093504.2111134-1-alan.maguire@oracle.com
|
|
Song Liu says:
====================
Add bpf_get_dentry_xattr
Add a kfunc to read xattr from dentry. Also add selftest for the new
kfunc.
Changes v3 => v4:
1. Fix selftest build.
V3: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240806203340.3503805-1-song@kernel.org/T/#u
Changes v2 => v3:
1. Move the kfuncs to fs/bpf_fs_kfuncs.c.
2. Fix selftests build error on s390. (Alexei)
v2: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240730230805.42205-1-song@kernel.org/T/#u
Changes v1 => v2:
1. Remove 3 kfuncs that are ready yet.
v1: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-fsdevel/20240725234706.655613-1-song@kernel.org/T/#u
====================
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240806230904.71194-1-song@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
|
|
Add test for bpf_get_dentry_xattr on hook security_inode_getxattr.
Verify that the kfunc can read the xattr. Also test failing getxattr
from user space by returning non-zero from the LSM bpf program.
Acked-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Song Liu <song@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240806230904.71194-4-song@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
|
|
This kfunc can be used in LSM hooks with dentry, such as:
security_inode_listxattr
security_inode_permission
and many more.
Acked-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Song Liu <song@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240806230904.71194-3-song@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
|
|
We are putting all fs kfuncs in fs/bpf_fs_kfuncs.c. Move existing
bpf_get_file_xattr to it.
Signed-off-by: Song Liu <song@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240806230904.71194-2-song@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
|
|
Matt Bobrowski says:
====================
bpf: introduce new VFS based BPF kfuncs
G'day!
A respin based off v3, which can be found here [0]. Original
motivations for introducing this suite of BPF kfuncs can be found here
[1].
The primary difference in this version of the patch series is that the
suite of VFS related BPF kfuncs added can be used from both sleepable
and non-sleepable BPF LSM program types. IOW, the KF_SLEEPABLE
annotation has been removed from all of them.
Changes sinve v3:
* KF_SLEEPABLE annotation has been dropped from all newly introduced
VFS related BPF kfuncs. This includes bpf_get_task_exe_file(),
bpf_put_file(), and bpf_path_d_path(). Both negative and positive
selftests backing these new BPF kfuncs have also been updated
accordingly.
* buf__sz conditional in bpf_path_d_path() has been updated from
buf__sz <= 0, to !buf__sz.
* Syntax issues as reported so here [2] have been corrected.
[0] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240726085604.2369469-1-mattbobrowski@google.com/
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/cover.1708377880.git.mattbobrowski@google.com/#t
[2] https://netdev.bots.linux.dev/static/nipa/874023/13742510/checkpatch/stdout
====================
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240731110833.1834742-1-mattbobrowski@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
|
|
Add a bunch of positive selftests which extensively cover the various
contexts and parameters in which the new VFS based BPF kfuncs may be
used from.
Again, the following VFS based BPF kfuncs are thoroughly tested within
this new selftest:
* struct file *bpf_get_task_exe_file(struct task_struct *);
* void bpf_put_file(struct file *);
* int bpf_path_d_path(struct path *, char *, size_t);
Acked-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Song Liu <song@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Matt Bobrowski <mattbobrowski@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240731110833.1834742-4-mattbobrowski@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
|
|
Add a bunch of negative selftests responsible for asserting that the
BPF verifier successfully rejects a BPF program load when the
underlying BPF program misuses one of the newly introduced VFS based
BPF kfuncs.
The following VFS based BPF kfuncs are extensively tested within this
new selftest:
* struct file *bpf_get_task_exe_file(struct task_struct *);
* void bpf_put_file(struct file *);
* int bpf_path_d_path(struct path *, char *, size_t);
Acked-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Song Liu <song@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Matt Bobrowski <mattbobrowski@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240731110833.1834742-3-mattbobrowski@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
|
|
Add a new variant of bpf_d_path() named bpf_path_d_path() which takes
the form of a BPF kfunc and enforces KF_TRUSTED_ARGS semantics onto
its arguments.
This new d_path() based BPF kfunc variant is intended to address the
legacy bpf_d_path() BPF helper's susceptability to memory corruption
issues [0, 1, 2] by ensuring to only operate on supplied arguments
which are deemed trusted by the BPF verifier. Typically, this means
that only pointers to a struct path which have been referenced counted
may be supplied.
In addition to the new bpf_path_d_path() BPF kfunc, we also add a
KF_ACQUIRE based BPF kfunc bpf_get_task_exe_file() and KF_RELEASE
counterpart BPF kfunc bpf_put_file(). This is so that the new
bpf_path_d_path() BPF kfunc can be used more flexibily from within the
context of a BPF LSM program. It's rather common to ascertain the
backing executable file for the calling process by performing the
following walk current->mm->exe_file while instrumenting a given
operation from the context of the BPF LSM program. However, walking
current->mm->exe_file directly is never deemed to be OK, and doing so
from both inside and outside of BPF LSM program context should be
considered as a bug. Using bpf_get_task_exe_file() and in turn
bpf_put_file() will allow BPF LSM programs to reliably get and put
references to current->mm->exe_file.
As of now, all the newly introduced BPF kfuncs within this patch are
limited to BPF LSM program types. These can be either sleepable or
non-sleepable variants of BPF LSM program types.
[0] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/CAG48ez0ppjcT=QxU-jtCUfb5xQb3mLr=5FcwddF_VKfEBPs_Dg@mail.gmail.com/
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20230606181714.532998-1-jolsa@kernel.org/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20220219113744.1852259-1-memxor@gmail.com/
Acked-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Matt Bobrowski <mattbobrowski@google.com>
Acked-by: Song Liu <song@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240731110833.1834742-2-mattbobrowski@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
|
|
Jakub reported bpf selftest "btf_dump" failure after forwarding to
v6.11-rc1 with netdev.
Error: #33 btf_dump
Error: #33/15 btf_dump/btf_dump: var_data
btf_dump_data:FAIL:find type id unexpected find type id: actual -2 < expected 0
The reason for the failure is due to
commit 94ede2a3e913 ("profiling: remove stale percpu flip buffer variables")
where percpu static variable "cpu_profile_flip" is removed.
Let us replace "cpu_profile_flip" with a variable in bpf subsystem
so whenever that variable gets deleted or renamed, we can detect the
failure immediately. In this case, I picked a static percpu variable
"bpf_cgrp_storage_busy" which is defined in kernel/bpf/bpf_cgrp_storage.c.
Reported-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240802185434.1749056-1-yonghong.song@linux.dev
|
|
Alexis Lothoré (eBPF Foundation) says:
====================
Hello,
this small series aims to integrate test_dev_cgroup in test_progs so it
could be run automatically in CI. The new version brings a few differences
with the current one:
- test now uses directly syscalls instead of wrapping commandline tools
into system() calls
- test_progs manipulates /dev/null (eg: redirecting test logs into it), so
disabling access to it in the bpf program confuses the tests. To fix this,
the first commit modifies the bpf program to allow access to char devices
1:3 (/dev/null), and disable access to char devices 1:5 (/dev/zero)
- once test is converted, add a small subtest to also check for device type
interpretation (char or block)
- paths used in mknod tests are now in /dev instead of /tmp: due to the CI
runner organisation and mountpoints manipulations, trying to create nodes
in /tmp leads to errors unrelated to the test (ie, mknod calls refused by
kernel, not the bpf program). I don't understand exactly the root cause
at the deepest point (all I see in CI is an -ENXIO error on mknod when trying to
create the node in tmp, and I can not make sense out of it neither
replicate it locally), so I would gladly take inputs from anyone more
educated than me about this.
The new test_progs part has been tested in a local qemu environment as well
as in upstream CI:
./test_progs -a cgroup_dev
47/1 cgroup_dev/allow-mknod:OK
47/2 cgroup_dev/allow-read:OK
47/3 cgroup_dev/allow-write:OK
47/4 cgroup_dev/deny-mknod:OK
47/5 cgroup_dev/deny-read:OK
47/6 cgroup_dev/deny-write:OK
47/7 cgroup_dev/deny-mknod-wrong-type:OK
47 cgroup_dev:OK
Summary: 1/7 PASSED, 0 SKIPPED, 0 FAILED
---
Changes in v4:
- Fix mixup between ret and errno by testing both
- Properly apply ack tag from Stanislas
- Link to v3: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240730-convert_dev_cgroup-v3-0-93e573b74357@bootlin.com
Changes in v3:
- delete mknod file only if it has been created
- use bpf_program__attach_cgroup() instead of bpf_prog_attach
- reorganize subtests order
- collect review/ack tags from Alan and Stanislas
- Link to v2: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240729-convert_dev_cgroup-v2-0-4c1fc0520545@bootlin.com
Changes in v2:
- directly pass expected ret code to subtests instead of boolean pass/not
pass
- fix faulty fd check in subtest expected to fail on open
- fix wrong subtest name
- pass test buffer and corresponding size to read/write subtests
- use correct series prefix
- Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240725-convert_dev_cgroup-v1-0-2c8cbd487c44@bootlin.com
====================
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
Current cgroup_dev test mostly tests that device operation is accepted or
refused base on passed major/minor (and so, any operation performed during
test involves only char device)
Add a small subtest ensuring that the device type passed to bpf program
allows it to take decisions as well.
Reviewed-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me>
Signed-off-by: Alexis Lothoré (eBPF Foundation) <alexis.lothore@bootlin.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240731-convert_dev_cgroup-v4-3-849425d90de6@bootlin.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
|
test_dev_cgroup is defined as a standalone test program, and so is not
executed in CI.
Convert it to test_progs framework so it is tested automatically in CI, and
remove the old test. In order to be able to run it in test_progs, /dev/null
must remain usable, so change the new test to test operations on devices
1:3 as valid, and operations on devices 1:5 (/dev/zero) as invalid.
Reviewed-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me>
Signed-off-by: Alexis Lothoré (eBPF Foundation) <alexis.lothore@bootlin.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240731-convert_dev_cgroup-v4-2-849425d90de6@bootlin.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
|
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test_dev_cgroup currently loads a small bpf program allowing any access on
urandom and zero devices, disabling access to any other device. It makes
migrating this test to test_progs impossible, since this one manipulates
extensively /dev/null.
Allow /dev/null manipulation in dev_cgroup program to make its usage in
test_progs framework possible. Update test_dev_cgroup.c as well to match
this change while it has not been removed.
Reviewed-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me>
Signed-off-by: Alexis Lothoré (eBPF Foundation) <alexis.lothore@bootlin.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240731-convert_dev_cgroup-v4-1-849425d90de6@bootlin.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@kernel.org>
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