summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/FAQ
blob: e2b9f0d5ea04dcf482d775c4a925043f6b180d04 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
	    Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU C Library

This document tries to answer questions a user might have when
installing and using glibc.  Please make sure you read this before
sending questions or bug reports to the maintainers.

The GNU C library is very complex.  The installation process has not
been completely automated; there are too many variables. You can do
substantial damage to your system by installing the library
incorrectly.  Make sure you understand what you are undertaking before
you begin.

If you have any questions you think should be answered in this document,
please let me know.

						  --drepper@cygnus.com

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

1. Compiling glibc

1.1.	What systems does the GNU C Library run on?
1.2.	What compiler do I need to build GNU libc?
1.3.	When I try to compile glibc I get only error messages.
	What's wrong?
1.4.	Do I need a special linker or archiver?
1.5.	What tools do I need for powerpc?
1.6.	Do I need some more things to compile GNU C Library?
1.7.	What version of the Linux kernel headers should be used?
1.8.	When I run `nm -u libc.so' on the produced library I still
	find unresolved symbols.  Can this be ok?
1.9.	What are these `add-ons'?
1.10.	My XXX kernel emulates a floating-point coprocessor for me.
	Should I enable --with-fp?
1.11.	When compiling GNU libc I get lots of errors saying functions
	in glibc are duplicated in libgcc.
1.12.	Why do I get messages about missing thread functions when I use
	librt?  I don't even use threads.
1.13.	What's the problem with configure --enable-omitfp?

2. Installation and configuration issues

2.1.	Can I replace the libc on my Linux system with GNU libc?
2.2.	How do I configure GNU libc so that the essential libraries
	like libc.so go into /lib and the other into /usr/lib?
2.3.	How should I avoid damaging my system when I install GNU libc?
2.4.	Do I need to use GNU CC to compile programs that will use the
	GNU C Library?
2.5.	When linking with the new libc I get unresolved symbols
	`crypt' and `setkey'.  Why aren't these functions in the
	libc anymore?
2.6.	When I use GNU libc on my Linux system by linking against
	the libc.so which comes with glibc all I get is a core dump.
2.7.	Looking through the shared libc file I haven't found the
	functions `stat', `lstat', `fstat', and `mknod' and while
	linking on my Linux system I get error messages.  How is
	this supposed to work?
2.8.	How can I compile gcc 2.7.2.1 from the gcc source code using
	glibc 2.x?
2.9.	The `gencat' utility cannot process the catalog sources which
	were used on my Linux libc5 based system.  Why?
2.10.	Programs using libc have their messages translated, but other
	behavior is not localized (e.g. collating order); why?
2.11.	I have set up /etc/nis.conf, and the Linux libc 5 with NYS
	works great.  But the glibc NIS+ doesn't seem to work.
2.12.	I have killed ypbind to stop using NIS, but glibc
        continues using NIS.
2.13.	Under Linux/Alpha, I always get "do_ypcall: clnt_call:
       RPC: Unable to receive; errno = Connection refused" when using NIS.
2.14.	After installing glibc name resolving doesn't work properly.
2.15.	I have /usr/include/net and /usr/include/scsi as symlinks
	into my Linux source tree.  Is that wrong?
2.16.	Programs like `logname', `top', `uptime' `users', `w' and
	`who', show incorrect information about the (number of)
	users on my system.  Why?
2.17.	After upgrading to glibc 2.1 with symbol versioning I get
	errors about undefined symbols.  What went wrong?
2.18.	When I start the program XXX after upgrading the library
	I get
	  XXX: Symbol `_sys_errlist' has different size in shared
	  object, consider re-linking
	Why?  What should I do?
2.19.	What do I need for C++ development?

3. Source and binary incompatibilities, and what to do about them

3.1.	I expect GNU libc to be 100% source code compatible with
	the old Linux based GNU libc.  Why isn't it like this?
3.2.	Why does getlogin() always return NULL on my Linux box?
3.3.	Where are the DST_* constants found in <sys/time.h> on many
	systems?
3.4.	The prototypes for `connect', `accept', `getsockopt',
	`setsockopt', `getsockname', `getpeername', `send',
	`sendto', and `recvfrom' are different in GNU libc from
	any other system I saw.  This is a bug, isn't it?
3.5.	On Linux I've got problems with the declarations in Linux
	kernel headers.
3.6.	I don't include any kernel headers myself but the compiler
	still complains about redeclarations of types in the kernel
	headers.
3.7.	Why don't signals interrupt system calls anymore?
3.8.	I've got errors compiling code that uses certain string
	functions.  Why?
3.9.	I get compiler messages "Initializer element not constant" with
	stdin/stdout/stderr. Why?
3.10.	I can't compile with gcc -traditional (or
	-traditional-cpp). Why?
3.11.	I get some errors with `gcc -ansi'. Isn't glibc ANSI compatible?
3.12.	I can't access some functions anymore.  nm shows that they do
	exist but linking fails nevertheless.

4. Miscellaneous

4.1.	After I changed configure.in I get `Autoconf version X.Y.
	or higher is required for this script'.  What can I do?
4.2.	When I try to compile code which uses IPv6 headers and
	definitions on my Linux 2.x.y system I am in trouble.
	Nothing seems to work.


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

1. Compiling glibc

1.1.	What systems does the GNU C Library run on?

{UD} This is difficult to answer.  The file `README' lists the
architectures GNU libc was known to run on *at some time*.  This does
not mean that it still can be compiled and run on them now.

The systems glibc is known to work on as of this release, and most
probably in the future, are:

	*-*-gnu			GNU Hurd
	i[3456]86-*-linux-gnu	Linux-2.x on Intel
	m68k-*-linux-gnu	Linux-2.x on Motorola 680x0
	alpha-*-linux-gnu	Linux-2.x on DEC Alpha
	powerpc-*-linux-gnu     Linux and MkLinux on PowerPC systems
	sparc-*-linux-gnu	Linux-2.x on SPARC
	sparc64-*-linux-gnu	Linux-2.x on UltraSPARC

Ports to other Linux platforms are in development, and may in fact
work already, but no one has sent us success reports for them.
Currently no ports to other operating systems are underway, although a
few people have expressed interest.

If you have a system not listed above (or in the `README' file) and
you are really interested in porting it, contact

	<bug-glibc@gnu.org>


1.2.	What compiler do I need to build GNU libc?

{UD} You must use GNU CC to compile GNU libc.  A lot of extensions of
GNU CC are used to increase portability and speed.

GNU CC is found, like all other GNU packages, on
	ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu
and the many mirror sites.  ftp.gnu.org is always overloaded, so try to find
a local mirror first.

You always should try to use the latest official release.  Older
versions may not have all the features GNU libc requires.  The current
releases of egcs (1.0.2) and GNU CC (2.8.1) should work with the GNU C
library (for powerpc see question question 1.5).


1.3.	When I try to compile glibc I get only error messages.
	What's wrong?

{UD} You definitely need GNU make to translate GNU libc.  No
other make program has the needed functionality.

We recommend version GNU make version 3.75.  Versions 3.76 and 3.76.1
have bugs which appear when building big projects like GNU libc.
Versions before 3.74 have bugs and/or are missing features.


1.4.	Do I need a special linker or archiver?

{UD} You may be able to use your system linker, but GNU libc works
best with GNU binutils.

On systems where the native linker does not support weak symbols you
will not get a fully ISO C compliant C library.  Generally speaking
you should use the GNU binutils if they provide at least the same
functionality as your system's tools.

Always get the newest release of GNU binutils available.  Older
releases are known to have bugs that prevent a successful compilation.

{ZW} As of release 2.1 a linker supporting symbol versions is
required.  For Linux, get binutils-2.8.1.0.23 or later.  Other systems
may have native linker support, but it's moot right now, because glibc
has not been ported to them.


1.5.	What tools do I need for powerpc?

{GK} For a successful installation you definitely need the most recent
tools. You can safely assume that anything earlier than binutils
2.8.1.0.17 and egcs-1.0 will have problems. We'd advise at the moment
binutils 2.8.1.0.18 and egcs-1.0.1.

In fact, egcs 1.0.1 currently has two serious bugs that prevent a
clean make; one relates to switch statement folding, for which there
is a temporary patch at

<http://discus.anu.edu.au/~geoffk/egcs-1.0-geoffk.diff.gz>

and the other relates to 'forbidden register spilled', for which the
workaround is to put

CFLAGS-condvar.c += -fno-inline

in configparms.  Later versions of egcs may fix these problems.


1.6.	Do I need some more things to compile GNU C Library?

{UD} Yes, there are some more :-).

* GNU gettext.  This package contains the tools needed to construct
  `message catalog' files containing translated versions of system
  messages. See ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu or better any mirror
  site.  (We distribute compiled message catalogs, but they may not be
  updated in patches.)

* Some files depend on special tools.  E.g., files ending in .gperf
  need a `gperf' program.  The GNU version (part of libg++) is known
  to work while some vendor versions do not.

  You should not need these tools unless you change the source files.

* Some scripts need perl5 - but at the moment those scripts are not
  vital for building and installing GNU libc (some data files will not
  be created).

* When compiling for Linux, the header files of the Linux kernel must
  be available to the compiler as <linux/*.h> and <asm/*.h>.

* lots of disk space (~170MB for i?86-linux; more for RISC platforms).

* plenty of time.  Compiling just the shared and static libraries for
  i?86-linux takes approximately 1h on an i586@133, or 2.5h on
  i486@66, or 4.5h on i486@33.  Multiply this by 1.5 or 2.0 if you
  build profiling and/or the highly optimized version as well.  For
  Hurd systems times are much higher.

  You should avoid compiling in a NFS mounted filesystem.  This is
  very slow.

  James Troup <J.J.Troup@comp.brad.ac.uk> reports a compile time of
  45h34m for a full build (shared, static, and profiled) on Atari
  Falcon (Motorola 68030 @ 16 Mhz, 14 Mb memory) and Jan Barte
  <yann@plato.uni-paderborn.de> reports 22h48m on Atari TT030
  (Motorola 68030 @ 32 Mhz, 34 Mb memory)

  If you have some more measurements let me know.


1.7.	What version of the Linux kernel headers should be used?

{AJ,UD} The headers from the most recent Linux kernel should be used.
The headers used while compiling the GNU C library and the kernel
binary used when using the library do not need to match.  The GNU C
library runs without problems on kernels that are older than the
kernel headers used.  The other way round (compiling the GNU C library
with old kernel headers and running on a recent kernel) does not
necessarily work.  For example you can't use new kernel features when
using old kernel headers for compiling the GNU C library.


1.8.	When I run `nm -u libc.so' on the produced library I still
	find unresolved symbols.  Can this be ok?

{UD} Yes, this is ok.  There can be several kinds of unresolved
symbols:

* magic symbols automatically generated by the linker.  These have names
  like __start_* and __stop_*

* symbols starting with _dl_* come from the dynamic linker

* symbols resolved by using libgcc.a
  (__udivdi3, __umoddi3, or similar)

* weak symbols, which need not be resolved at all (fabs for example)

Generally, you should make sure you find a real program which produces
errors while linking before deciding there is a problem.


1.9.	What are these `add-ons'?

{UD} To avoid complications with export rules or external source
code some optional parts of the libc are distributed as separate
packages (e.g., the crypt package, see question 2.5).

To use these packages as part of GNU libc, just unpack the tarfiles in
the libc source directory and tell the configuration script about them
using the --enable-add-ons option.  If you give just --enable-add-ons
configure tries to find all the add-on packages in your source tree.
This may not work.  If it doesn't, or if you want to select only a
subset of the add-ons, give a comma-separated list of the add-ons to
enable:

	configure --enable-add-ons=crypt,linuxthreads

for example.

Add-ons can add features (including entirely new shared libraries),
override files, provide support for additional architectures, and
just about anything else.  The existing makefiles do most of the work;
only some few stub rules must be written to get everything running.


1.10.	My XXX kernel emulates a floating-point coprocessor for me.
	Should I enable --with-fp?

{ZW} An emulated FPU is just as good as a real one, as far as the C
library is concerned.  You only need to say --without-fp if your
machine has no way to execute floating-point instructions.

People who are interested in squeezing the last drop of performance
out of their machine may wish to avoid the trap overhead, but this is
far more trouble than it's worth: you then have to compile
*everything* this way, including the compiler's internal libraries
(libgcc.a for GNU C), because the calling conventions change.


1.11.	When compiling GNU libc I get lots of errors saying functions
	in glibc are duplicated in libgcc.

{EY} This is *exactly* the same problem that I was having.  The
problem was due to the fact that configure didn't correctly detect
that the linker flag --no-whole-archive was supported in my linker.
In my case it was because I had run ./configure with bogus CFLAGS, and
the test failed.

One thing that is particularly annoying about this problem is that
once this is misdetected, running configure again won't fix it unless
you first delete config.cache.

{UD} Starting with glibc-2.0.3 there should be a better test to avoid
some problems of this kind.  The setting of CFLAGS is checked at the
very beginning and if it is not usable `configure' will bark.


1.12.	Why do I get messages about missing thread functions when I use
	librt?  I don't even use threads.

{UD} In this case you probably mixed up your installation.  librt uses
threads internally and has implicit references to the thread library.
Normally these references are satisfied automatically but if the
thread library is not in the expected place you must tell the linker
where it is.  When using GNU ld it works like this:

	gcc -o foo foo.c -Wl,-rpath-link=/some/other/dir -lrt

The `/some/other/dir' should contain the thread library.  `ld' will
use the given path to find the implicitly referenced library while not
disturbing any other link path.


1.13.	What's the problem with configure --enable-omitfp?

{AJ} When --enable-omitfp is set the libraries are built without frame
pointers. Some compilers produce buggy code for this model and
therefore we don't advise using it at the moment.

If you use --enable-omitfp, you're on your own. If you encounter
problems with a library that was build this way, we advise you to
rebuild the library without --enable-omitfp.  If the problem vanishes
consider tracking the problem down and report it as compiler failure.

Since a library build with --enable-omitfp is undebuggable on most
systems, debuggable libraries are also built - you can use it by
appending "_g" to the library names.

The compilation of these extra libraries and the compiler optimizations
slow down the build process and need more disk space.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2. Installation and configuration issues

2.1.	Can I replace the libc on my Linux system with GNU libc?

{UD} You cannot replace any existing libc for Linux with GNU
libc.  It is binary incompatible and therefore has a different major
version.  You can, however, install it alongside your existing libc.

For Linux there are three major libc versions:
	libc-4		a.out libc
	libc-5		original ELF libc
	libc-6		GNU libc

You can have any combination of these three installed.  For more
information consult documentation for shared library handling.  The
Makefiles of GNU libc will automatically generate the needed symbolic
links which the linker will use.


2.2.	How do I configure GNU libc so that the essential libraries
	like libc.so go into /lib and the other into /usr/lib?

{UD,AJ} Like all other GNU packages GNU libc is designed to use a base
directory and install all files relative to this.  The default is
/usr/local, because this is safe (it will not damage the system if
installed there).  If you wish to install GNU libc as the primary C
library on your system, set the base directory to /usr (i.e. run
configure --prefix=/usr <other_options>).  Note that this can damage
your system; see question 2.3 for details.

Some systems like Linux have a filesystem standard which makes a
difference between essential libraries and others.  Essential
libraries are placed in /lib because this directory is required to be
located on the same disk partition as /.  The /usr subtree might be
found on another partition/disk. If you configure for Linux with
--prefix=/usr, then this will be done automatically.

To install the essential libraries which come with GNU libc in /lib on
systems other than Linux one must explicitly request it.  Autoconf has
no option for this so you have to use a `configparms' file (see the
`INSTALL' file for details).  It should contain:

slibdir=/lib
sysconfdir=/etc

The first line specifies the directory for the essential libraries,
the second line the directory for system configuration files.


2.3.	How should I avoid damaging my system when I install GNU libc?

{ZW} If you wish to be cautious, do not configure with --prefix=/usr.
If you don't specify a prefix, glibc will be installed in /usr/local,
where it will probably not break anything.  (If you wish to be
certain, set the prefix to something like /usr/local/glibc2 which is
not used for anything.)

The dangers when installing glibc in /usr are twofold:

* glibc will overwrite the headers in /usr/include.  Other C libraries
  install a different but overlapping set of headers there, so the
  effect will probably be that you can't compile anything.  You need to
  rename /usr/include out of the way first.  (Do not throw it away; you
  will then lose the ability to compile programs against your old libc.)

* None of your old libraries, static or shared, can be used with a
  different C library major version.  For shared libraries this is not a
  problem, because the filenames are different and the dynamic linker
  will enforce the restriction.  But static libraries have no version
  information.  You have to evacuate all the static libraries in
  /usr/lib to a safe location.

The situation is rather similar to the move from a.out to ELF which
long-time Linux users will remember.


2.4.	Do I need to use GNU CC to compile programs that will use the
	GNU C Library?

{ZW} In theory, no; the linker does not care, and the headers are
supposed to check for GNU CC before using its extensions to the C
language.

However, there are currently no ports of glibc to systems where
another compiler is the default, so no one has tested the headers
extensively against another compiler.  You may therefore encounter
difficulties.  If you do, please report them as bugs.

Also, in several places GNU extensions provide large benefits in code
quality.  For example, the library has hand-optimized, inline assembly
versions of some string functions.  These can only be used with GCC.
See question 3.8 for details.


2.5.	When linking with the new libc I get unresolved symbols
	`crypt' and `setkey'.  Why aren't these functions in the
	libc anymore?

{UD} The US places restrictions on exporting cryptographic programs
and source code.  Until this law gets abolished we cannot ship the
cryptographic functions together with glibc.

The functions are available, as an add-on (see question 1.9).  People in the
US may get it from the same place they got GNU libc from.  People
outside the US should get the code from ftp://ftp.ifi.uio.no/pub/gnu,
or another archive site outside the USA.  The README explains how to
install the sources.

If you already have the crypt code on your system the reason for the
failure is probably that you did not link with -lcrypt.  The crypto
functions are in a separate library to make it possible to export GNU
libc binaries from the US.


2.6.	When I use GNU libc on my Linux system by linking against
	the libc.so which comes with glibc all I get is a core dump.

{UD} On Linux, gcc sets the dynamic linker to /lib/ld-linux.so.1
unless the user specifies a -dynamic-linker argument.  This is the
name of the libc5 dynamic linker, which does not work with glibc.

For casual use of GNU libc you can just specify
    -dynamic-linker=/lib/ld-linux.so.2

which is the glibc dynamic linker, on Linux systems.  On other systems
the name is /lib/ld.so.1.

To change your environment to use GNU libc for compiling you need to
change the `specs' file of your gcc.  This file is normally found at

	/usr/lib/gcc-lib/<arch>/<version>/specs

In this file you have to change a few things:

- change `ld-linux.so.1' to `ld-linux.so.2'

- remove all expression `%{...:-lgmon}';  there is no libgmon in glibc

- fix a minor bug by changing %{pipe:-} to %|

Here is what the gcc-2.7.2 specs file should look like when GNU libc
is installed at /usr:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
*asm:
%{V} %{v:%{!V:-V}} %{Qy:} %{!Qn:-Qy} %{n} %{T} %{Ym,*} %{Yd,*} %{Wa,*:%*}

*asm_final:
%|

*cpp:
%{fPIC:-D__PIC__ -D__pic__} %{fpic:-D__PIC__ -D__pic__} %{!m386:-D__i486__} %{posix:-D_POSIX_SOURCE} %{pthread:-D_REENTRANT}

*cc1:
%{profile:-p}

*cc1plus:


*endfile:
%{!shared:crtend.o%s} %{shared:crtendS.o%s} crtn.o%s

*link:
-m elf_i386 %{shared:-shared}   %{!shared:     %{!ibcs:       %{!static: 	%{rdynamic:-export-dynamic} 	%{!dynamic-linker:-dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2}} 	%{static:-static}}}

*lib:
%{!shared: %{pthread:-lpthread} 	%{profile:-lc_p} %{!profile: -lc}}

*libgcc:
-lgcc

*startfile:
%{!shared:      %{pg:gcrt1.o%s} %{!pg:%{p:gcrt1.o%s} 		     %{!p:%{profile:gcrt1.o%s} 			 %{!profile:crt1.o%s}}}}    crti.o%s %{!shared:crtbegin.o%s} %{shared:crtbeginS.o%s}

*switches_need_spaces:


*signed_char:
%{funsigned-char:-D__CHAR_UNSIGNED__}

*predefines:
-D__ELF__ -Dunix -Di386 -Dlinux -Asystem(unix) -Asystem(posix) -Acpu(i386) -Amachine(i386)

*cross_compile:
0

*multilib:
. ;

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Things get a bit more complicated if you have GNU libc installed in
some other place than /usr, i.e., if you do not want to use it instead
of the old libc.  In this case the needed startup files and libraries
are not found in the regular places.  So the specs file must tell the
compiler and linker exactly what to use.

Version 2.7.2.3 does and future versions of GCC will automatically
provide the correct specs.


2.7.	Looking through the shared libc file I haven't found the
	functions `stat', `lstat', `fstat', and `mknod' and while
	linking on my Linux system I get error messages.  How is
	this supposed to work?

{RM} Believe it or not, stat and lstat (and fstat, and mknod)
are supposed to be undefined references in libc.so.6!  Your problem is
probably a missing or incorrect /usr/lib/libc.so file; note that this
is a small text file now, not a symlink to libc.so.6.  It should look
something like this:

GROUP ( libc.so.6 ld.so.1 libc.a )

or in ix86/Linux and alpha/Linux:

GROUP ( libc.so.6 ld-linux.so.2 libc.a )


2.8.	How can I compile gcc 2.7.2.1 from the gcc source code using
	glibc 2.x?

{AJ} There's only correct support for glibc 2.0.x in gcc 2.7.2.3 or
later.  But you should get at least gcc 2.8.1 or egcs 1.0.2 (or later
versions) instead.


2.9.	The `gencat' utility cannot process the catalog sources which
	were used on my Linux libc5 based system.  Why?

{UD} The `gencat' utility provided with glibc complies to the XPG
standard.  The older Linux version did not obey the standard, so they
are not compatible.

To ease the transition from the Linux version some of the non-standard
features are also present in the `gencat' program of GNU libc.  This
mainly includes the use of symbols for the message number and the automatic
generation of header files which contain the needed #defines to map the
symbols to integers.

Here is a simple SED script to convert at least some Linux specific
catalog files to the XPG4 form:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Change catalog source in Linux specific format to standard XPG format.
# Ulrich Drepper <drepper@cygnus.com>, 1996.
#
/^\$ #/ {
  h
  s/\$ #\([^ ]*\).*/\1/
  x
  s/\$ #[^ ]* *\(.*\)/\$ \1/
}

/^# / {
  s/^# \(.*\)/\1/
  G
  s/\(.*\)\n\(.*\)/\2 \1/
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


2.10.	Programs using libc have their messages translated, but other
	behavior is not localized (e.g. collating order); why?

{ZW} Translated messages are automatically installed, but the locale
database that controls other behaviors is not.  You need to run
localedef to install this database, after you have run `make
install'.  For example, to set up the French Canadian locale, simply
issue the command

    localedef -i fr_CA -f ISO-8859-1 fr_CA

Please see localedata/README in the source tree for further details.


2.11.	I have set up /etc/nis.conf, and the Linux libc 5 with NYS
	works great.  But the glibc NIS+ doesn't seem to work.

{TK} The glibc NIS+ implementation uses a /var/nis/NIS_COLD_START
file for storing information about the NIS+ server and their public
keys, because the nis.conf file does not contain all the necessary
information.  You have to copy a NIS_COLD_START file from a Solaris
client (the NIS_COLD_START file is byte order independent) or generate
it with nisinit from the nis-tools package (available at
http://www-vt.uni-paderborn.de/~kukuk/linux/nisplus.html).


2.12.	I have killed ypbind to stop using NIS, but glibc
        continues using NIS.

{TK} For faster NIS lookups, glibc uses the /var/yp/binding/ files
from ypbind.  ypbind 3.3 and older versions don't always remove these
files, so glibc will continue to use them.  Other BSD versions seem to
work correctly.  Until ypbind 3.4 is released, you can find a patch at
ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/NIS/ypbind-3.3-glibc3.diff.


2.13.	Under Linux/Alpha, I always get "do_ypcall: clnt_call:
       RPC: Unable to receive; errno = Connection refused" when using NIS.

{TK} You need a ypbind version which is 64bit clean.  Some versions
are not 64bit clean.  A 64bit clean implementation is ypbind-mt.  For
ypbind 3.3, you need the patch from ftp.kernel.org (See the previous
question).  I don't know about other versions.


2.14.	After installing glibc name resolving doesn't work properly.

{AJ} You probably should read the manual section describing
nsswitch.conf (just type `info libc "NSS Configuration File"').
The NSS configuration file is usually the culprit.


2.15.	I have /usr/include/net and /usr/include/scsi as symlinks
	into my Linux source tree.  Is that wrong?

{PB} This was necessary for libc5, but is not correct when using
glibc.  Including the kernel header files directly in user programs
usually does not work (see question 3.5).  glibc provides its own <net/*>
and <scsi/*> header files to replace them, and you may have to remove
any symlink that you have in place before you install glibc.  However,
/usr/include/asm and /usr/include/linux should remain as they were.


2.16.	Programs like `logname', `top', `uptime' `users', `w' and
	`who', show incorrect information about the (number of)
	users on my system.  Why?

{MK} See question 3.2.


2.17.	After upgrading to glibc 2.1 with symbol versioning I get
	errors about undefined symbols.  What went wrong?

{AJ} The problem is caused either by wrong program code or tools.  In
the versioned libc a lot of symbols are now local that were global
symbols in previous versions.  It seems that programs linked against
older versions often accidentally used libc global variables --
something that should not happen.

The only way to fix this is to recompile your program. Sorry, that's
the price you might have to pay once for quite a number of advantages
with symbol versioning.


2.18.	When I start the program XXX after upgrading the library
	I get
	  XXX: Symbol `_sys_errlist' has different size in shared
	  object, consider re-linking
	Why?  What should I do?

{UD} As the message says, relink the binary.  The problem is that
a few symbols from the library can change in size and there is no way
to avoid this.  _sys_errlist is a good example.  Occasionally there are
new error numbers added to the kernel and this must be reflected at user
level, breaking programs that refer to them directly.

Such symbols should normally not be used at all.  There are mechanisms
to avoid using them.  In the case of _sys_errlist, there is the
strerror() function which should _always_ be used instead.  So the
correct fix is to rewrite that part of the application.

In some situations (especially when testing a new library release) it
might be possible that a symbol changed size when that should not have
happened.  So in case of doubt report such a warning message as a
problem.


2.19.	What do I need for C++ development?

{HJ,AJ} You need either egcs 1.0.2 or gcc-2.8.1 with libstdc++
2.8.1 (or more recent versions). libg++ 2.7.2 (and the Linux Versions
2.7.2.x) doesn't work very well with the GNU C library due to vtable thunks.
If you're upgrading from glibc 2.0.x to 2.1 you have to recompile
libstdc++ since the library compiled for 2.0 is not compatible due to the new
Large File Support (LFS) in version 2.1.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3. Source and binary incompatibilities, and what to do about them

3.1.	I expect GNU libc to be 100% source code compatible with
	the old Linux based GNU libc.  Why isn't it like this?

{DMT,UD} Not every extension in Linux libc's history was well
thought-out.  In fact it had a lot of problems with standards compliance
and with cleanliness.  With the introduction of a new version number these
errors can now be corrected.  Here is a list of the known source code
incompatibilities:

* _GNU_SOURCE: glibc does not make the GNU extensions available
  automatically.  If a program depends on GNU extensions or some
  other non-standard functionality, it is necessary to compile it
  with the C compiler option -D_GNU_SOURCE, or better, to put
  `#define _GNU_SOURCE' at the beginning of your source files, before
  any C library header files are included.  This difference normally
  manifests itself in the form of missing prototypes and/or data type
  definitions.  Thus, if you get such errors, the first thing you
  should do is try defining _GNU_SOURCE and see if that makes the
  problem go away.

  For more information consult the file `NOTES' in the GNU C library
  sources.

* reboot(): GNU libc sanitizes the interface of reboot() to be more
  compatible with the interface used on other OSes.  reboot() as
  implemented in glibc takes just one argument.  This argument
  corresponds to the third argument of the Linux reboot system call.
  That is, a call of the form reboot(a, b, c) needs to be changed into
  reboot(c).  Beside this the header <sys/reboot.h> defines the needed
  constants for the argument.  These RB_* constants should be used
  instead of the cryptic magic numbers.

* swapon(): the interface of this function didn't change, but the
  prototype is in a separate header file <sys/swap.h>.  This header
  file also provides the SWAP_* constants defined by <linux/swap.h>;
  you should use them for the second argument to swapon().

* errno: If a program uses the variable "errno", then it _must_
  include <errno.h>.  The old libc often (erroneously) declared this
  variable implicitly as a side-effect of including other libc header
  files.  glibc is careful to avoid such namespace pollution, which,
  in turn, means that you really need to include the header files that
  you depend on.  This difference normally manifests itself in the
  form of the compiler complaining about references to an undeclared
  symbol "errno".

* Linux-specific syscalls: All Linux system calls now have appropriate
  library wrappers and corresponding declarations in various header files.
  This is because the syscall() macro that was traditionally used to
  work around missing syscall wrappers are inherently non-portable and
  error-prone.  The following table lists all the new syscall stubs,
  the header-file declaring their interface and the system call name.

       syscall name:	wrapper name:	declaring header file:
       -------------	-------------	----------------------
       bdflush		bdflush		<sys/kdaemon.h>
       syslog		ksyslog_ctl	<sys/klog.h>

* lpd: Older versions of lpd depend on a routine called _validuser().
  The library does not provide this function, but instead provides
  __ivaliduser() which has a slightly different interface.  Simply
  upgrading to a newer lpd should fix this problem (e.g., the 4.4BSD
  lpd is known to be working).

* resolver functions/BIND: like on many other systems the functions of
  the resolver library are not included in libc itself.  There is a
  separate library libresolv.  If you get undefined symbol errors for
  symbols starting with `res_*' simply add -lresolv to your linker
  command line.

* the `signal' function's behavior corresponds to the BSD semantic and
  not the SysV semantic as it was in libc-5.  The interface on all GNU
  systems shall be the same and BSD is the semantic of choice.  To use
  the SysV behavior simply use `sysv_signal', or define _XOPEN_SOURCE.
  See question 3.7 for details.


3.2.	Why does getlogin() always return NULL on my Linux box?

{UD} The GNU C library has a format for the UTMP and WTMP file which
differs from what your system currently has.  It was extended to
fulfill the needs of the next years when IPv6 is introduced.  The
record size is different and some fields have different positions.
The files written by functions from the one library cannot be read by
functions from the other library.  Sorry, but this is what a major
release is for.  It's better to have a cut now than having no means to
support the new techniques later.

{MK} There is however a (partial) solution for this problem.  Please
take a look at the file `login/README.utmpd'.


3.3.	Where are the DST_* constants found in <sys/time.h> on many
	systems?

{UD} These constants come from the old BSD days and are not used
anymore (libc5 does not actually implement the handling although the
constants are defined).

Instead GNU libc contains zone database support and compatibility code
for POSIX TZ environment variable handling.


3.4.	The prototypes for `connect', `accept', `getsockopt',
	`setsockopt', `getsockname', `getpeername', `send',
	`sendto', and `recvfrom' are different in GNU libc from
	any other system I saw.  This is a bug, isn't it?

{UD} No, this is no bug.  This version of GNU libc already follows the
new Single Unix specifications (and I think the POSIX.1g draft which
adopted the solution).  The type for a parameter describing a size is
now `socklen_t', a new type.


3.5.	On Linux I've got problems with the declarations in Linux
	kernel headers.

{UD,AJ} On Linux, the use of kernel headers is reduced to the minimum.
This gives Linus the ability to change the headers more freely.  Also,
user programs are now insulated from changes in the size of kernel
data structures.

For example, the sigset_t type is 32 or 64 bits wide in the kernel.
In glibc it is 1024 bits wide.  This guarantees that when the kernel
gets a bigger sigset_t (for POSIX.1e realtime support, say) user
programs will not have to be recompiled.  Consult the header files for
more information about the changes.

Therefore you shouldn't include Linux kernel header files directly if
glibc has defined a replacement. Otherwise you might get undefined
results because of type conflicts.


3.6.	I don't include any kernel headers myself but the compiler
	still complains about redeclarations of types in the kernel
	headers.

{UD} The kernel headers before Linux 2.1.61 and 2.0.32 don't work
correctly with glibc.  Compiling C programs is possible in most cases
but C++ programs have (due to the change of the name lookups for
`struct's) problems.  One prominent example is `struct fd_set'.

There might be some problems left but 2.1.61/2.0.32 fix most of the
known ones.  See the BUGS file for other known problems.


3.7.	Why don't signals interrupt system calls anymore?

{ZW} By default GNU libc uses the BSD semantics for signal(),
unlike Linux libc 5 which used System V semantics.  This is partially
for compatibility with other systems and partially because the BSD
semantics tend to make programming with signals easier.

There are three differences:

* BSD-style signals that occur in the middle of a system call do not
  affect the system call; System V signals cause the system call to
  fail and set errno to EINTR.

* BSD signal handlers remain installed once triggered.  System V signal
  handlers work only once, so one must reinstall them each time.

* A BSD signal is blocked during the execution of its handler.  In other
  words, a handler for SIGCHLD (for example) does not need to worry about
  being interrupted by another SIGCHLD.  It may, however, be interrupted
  by other signals.

There is general consensus that for `casual' programming with signals, the
BSD semantics are preferable.  You don't need to worry about system calls
returning EINTR, and you don't need to worry about the race conditions
associated with one-shot signal handlers.

If you are porting an old program that relies on the old semantics, you can
quickly fix the problem by changing signal() to sysv_signal() throughout.
Alternatively, define _XOPEN_SOURCE before including <signal.h>.

For new programs, the sigaction() function allows you to specify precisely
how you want your signals to behave.  All three differences listed above are
individually switchable on a per-signal basis with this function.

If all you want is for one specific signal to cause system calls to fail
and return EINTR (for example, to implement a timeout) you can do this with
siginterrupt().


3.8.	I've got errors compiling code that uses certain string
	functions.  Why?

{AJ} glibc 2.1 has special string functions that are faster
than the normal library functions. Some of the functions are
implemented as inline functions and others as macros.

The optimized string functions are only used when compiling with
optimizations (-O1 or higher). The behavior can be changed with two
feature macros:

* __NO_STRING_INLINES: Don't do any string optimizations.
* __USE_STRING_INLINES: Use assembly language inline functions (might
  increase code size dramatically).

Since some of these string functions are now additionally defined as
macros, code like "char *strncpy();" doesn't work anymore (and is
unnecessary, since <string.h> has the necessary declarations). Either
change your code or define __NO_STRING_INLINES.

{UD} Another problem in this area is that gcc still has problems on
machines with very few registers (e.g., ix86).  The inline assembler
code can require almost all the registers and the register allocator
cannot always handle this situation.

One can disable the string optimizations selectively.  Instead of writing

	cp = strcpy (foo, "lkj");

one can write

	cp = (strcpy) (foo, "lkj");

This disables the optimization for that specific call.


3.9.	I get compiler messages "Initializer element not constant" with
	stdin/stdout/stderr. Why?

{RM,AJ} Constructs like:
static FILE *InPtr = stdin;

lead to this message. This is correct behaviour with glibc since stdin
is not a constant expression. Please note that a strict reading of ISO
C does not allow above constructs.

One of the advantages of this is that you can assign to stdin, stdout,
and stderr just like any other global variable (e.g. `stdout =
my_stream;'), which can be very useful with custom streams that you
can write with libio (but beware this is not necessarily
portable). The reason to implement it this way were versioning
problems with the size of the FILE structure.


3.10.	I can't compile with gcc -traditional (or
	-traditional-cpp). Why?

{AJ} glibc2 does break -traditional and -traditonal-cpp - and will continue
to do so. For example constructs of the form:
enum {foo
#define foo foo
}
are  useful for debugging purposes (you can use foo with your debugger
that's why we need the enum) and for compatibility (other systems use
defines and check with #ifdef).


3.11.	I get some errors with `gcc -ansi'. Isn't glibc ANSI compatible?

{AJ} The GNU C library is compatible with the ANSI/ISO C standard.  If
you're using `gcc -ansi', the glibc includes which are specified in
the standard follow the standard. The ANSI/ISO C standard defines what
has to be in the include files - and also states that nothing else
should be in the include files (btw. you can still enable additional
standards with feature flags).

The GNU C library is conforming to ANSI/ISO C - if and only if you're
only using the headers and library functions defined in the standard.


3.12.	I can't access some functions anymore.  nm shows that they do
	exist but linking fails nevertheless.

{AJ} With the introduction of versioning in glibc 2.1 it is possible
to export only those identifiers (functions, variables) that are
really needed by application programs and by other parts of glibc.
This way a lot of internal interfaces are now hidden.  nm will still
show those identifiers but marking them as internal.  ISO C states
that identifiers beginning with an underscore are internal to the
libc.  An application program normally shouldn't use those internal
interfaces (there are exceptions, e.g. __ivaliduser).  If a program
uses these interfaces, it's broken.  These internal interfaces might
change between glibc releases or dropped completely.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4. Miscellaneous

4.1.	After I changed configure.in I get `Autoconf version X.Y.
	or higher is required for this script'.  What can I do?

{UD} You have to get the specified autoconf version (or a later one)
from your favorite mirror of ftp.gnu.org.


4.2.	When I try to compile code which uses IPv6 headers and
	definitions on my Linux 2.x.y system I am in trouble.
	Nothing seems to work.

{UD} The problem is that IPv6 development still has not reached a
point where the headers are stable.  There are still lots of
incompatible changes made and the libc headers have to follow.

Also, make sure you have a suitably recent kernel.  As of the 970401
snapshot, according to Philip Blundell <Philip.Blundell@pobox.com>, the
required kernel version is at least 2.1.30.


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

Answers were given by:
{UD} Ulrich Drepper, <drepper@cygnus.com>
{DMT} David Mosberger-Tang, <davidm@AZStarNet.com>
{RM} Roland McGrath, <roland@gnu.org>
{AJ} Andreas Jaeger, <aj@arthur.rhein-neckar.de>
{EY} Eric Youngdale, <eric@andante.jic.com>
{PB} Phil Blundell, <Philip.Blundell@pobox.com>
{MK} Mark Kettenis, <kettenis@phys.uva.nl>
{ZW} Zack Weinberg, <zack@rabi.phys.columbia.edu>
{TK} Thorsten Kukuk, <kukuk@vt.uni-paderborn.de>
{GK} Geoffrey Keating, <Geoff.Keating@anu.edu.au>
{HJ} H.J. Lu, <hjl@gnu.org>

Local Variables:
 mode:outline
 outline-regexp:"\\?"
End: