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+@node Character Handling, String and Array Utilities, Memory Allocation, Top
+@chapter Character Handling
+
+Programs that work with characters and strings often need to classify a
+character---is it alphabetic, is it a digit, is it whitespace, and so
+on---and perform case conversion operations on characters.  The
+functions in the header file @file{ctype.h} are provided for this
+purpose.
+@pindex ctype.h
+
+Since the choice of locale and character set can alter the
+classifications of particular character codes, all of these functions
+are affected by the current locale.  (More precisely, they are affected
+by the locale currently selected for character classification---the
+@code{LC_CTYPE} category; see @ref{Locale Categories}.)
+
+@menu
+* Classification of Characters::   Testing whether characters are
+			            letters, digits, punctuation, etc.
+
+* Case Conversion::                Case mapping, and the like.
+@end menu
+
+@node Classification of Characters, Case Conversion,  , Character Handling
+@section Classification of Characters
+@cindex character testing
+@cindex classification of characters
+@cindex predicates on characters
+@cindex character predicates
+
+This section explains the library functions for classifying characters.
+For example, @code{isalpha} is the function to test for an alphabetic
+character.  It takes one argument, the character to test, and returns a
+nonzero integer if the character is alphabetic, and zero otherwise.  You
+would use it like this:
+
+@smallexample
+if (isalpha (c))
+  printf ("The character `%c' is alphabetic.\n", c);
+@end smallexample
+
+Each of the functions in this section tests for membership in a
+particular class of characters; each has a name starting with @samp{is}.
+Each of them takes one argument, which is a character to test, and
+returns an @code{int} which is treated as a boolean value.  The
+character argument is passed as an @code{int}, and it may be the
+constant value @code{EOF} instead of a real character.  
+
+The attributes of any given character can vary between locales.
+@xref{Locales}, for more information on locales.@refill
+
+These functions are declared in the header file @file{ctype.h}.
+@pindex ctype.h
+
+@cindex lower-case character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int islower (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is a lower-case letter.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex upper-case character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int isupper (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is an upper-case letter.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex alphabetic character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int isalpha (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is an alphabetic character (a letter).  If
+@code{islower} or @code{isupper} is true of a character, then
+@code{isalpha} is also true.
+
+In some locales, there may be additional characters for which
+@code{isalpha} is true--letters which are neither upper case nor lower
+case.  But in the standard @code{"C"} locale, there are no such
+additional characters.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex digit character
+@cindex decimal digit character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int isdigit (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is a decimal digit (@samp{0} through @samp{9}).
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex alphanumeric character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int isalnum (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is an alphanumeric character (a letter or
+number); in other words, if either @code{isalpha} or @code{isdigit} is
+true of a character, then @code{isalnum} is also true.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex hexadecimal digit character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int isxdigit (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is a hexadecimal digit.
+Hexadecimal digits include the normal decimal digits @samp{0} through
+@samp{9} and the letters @samp{A} through @samp{F} and
+@samp{a} through @samp{f}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex punctuation character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int ispunct (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is a punctuation character.
+This means any printing character that is not alphanumeric or a space
+character.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex whitespace character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int isspace (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is a @dfn{whitespace} character.  In the standard
+@code{"C"} locale, @code{isspace} returns true for only the standard
+whitespace characters:
+
+@table @code
+@item ' '
+space
+
+@item '\f'
+formfeed
+
+@item '\n'
+newline
+
+@item '\r'
+carriage return
+
+@item '\t'
+horizontal tab
+
+@item '\v'
+vertical tab
+@end table
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex blank character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment GNU
+@deftypefun int isblank (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is a blank character; that is, a space or a tab.
+This function is a GNU extension.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex graphic character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int isgraph (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is a graphic character; that is, a character
+that has a glyph associated with it.  The whitespace characters are not
+considered graphic.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex printing character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int isprint (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is a printing character.  Printing characters
+include all the graphic characters, plus the space (@samp{ }) character.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex control character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int iscntrl (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is a control character (that is, a character that
+is not a printing character).
+@end deftypefun
+
+@cindex ASCII character
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment SVID, BSD
+@deftypefun int isascii (int @var{c})
+Returns true if @var{c} is a 7-bit @code{unsigned char} value that fits
+into the US/UK ASCII character set.  This function is a BSD extension
+and is also an SVID extension.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@node Case Conversion,  , Classification of Characters, Character Handling
+@section Case Conversion
+@cindex character case conversion
+@cindex case conversion of characters
+@cindex converting case of characters
+
+This section explains the library functions for performing conversions
+such as case mappings on characters.  For example, @code{toupper}
+converts any character to upper case if possible.  If the character
+can't be converted, @code{toupper} returns it unchanged.
+
+These functions take one argument of type @code{int}, which is the
+character to convert, and return the converted character as an
+@code{int}.  If the conversion is not applicable to the argument given,
+the argument is returned unchanged.
+
+@strong{Compatibility Note:} In pre-ANSI C dialects, instead of
+returning the argument unchanged, these functions may fail when the
+argument is not suitable for the conversion.  Thus for portability, you
+may need to write @code{islower(c) ? toupper(c) : c} rather than just
+@code{toupper(c)}.
+
+These functions are declared in the header file @file{ctype.h}.
+@pindex ctype.h
+
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int tolower (int @var{c})
+If @var{c} is an upper-case letter, @code{tolower} returns the corresponding
+lower-case letter.  If @var{c} is not an upper-case letter,
+@var{c} is returned unchanged.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment ANSI
+@deftypefun int toupper (int @var{c})
+If @var{c} is a lower-case letter, @code{tolower} returns the corresponding
+upper-case letter.  Otherwise @var{c} is returned unchanged.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment SVID, BSD
+@deftypefun int toascii (int @var{c})
+This function converts @var{c} to a 7-bit @code{unsigned char} value
+that fits into the US/UK ASCII character set, by clearing the high-order
+bits.  This function is a BSD extension and is also an SVID extension.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment SVID
+@deftypefun int _tolower (int @var{c})
+This is identical to @code{tolower}, and is provided for compatibility
+with the SVID.  @xref{SVID}.@refill
+@end deftypefun
+
+@comment ctype.h
+@comment SVID
+@deftypefun int _toupper (int @var{c})
+This is identical to @code{toupper}, and is provided for compatibility
+with the SVID.
+@end deftypefun