summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/time/europe
blob: 04273d277c41dd39638dfb4a73489b68d7f59ef9 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
# @(#)europe	7.33

# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1995-12-19):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# The starred Russian names are dubious.  Corrections are welcome!
#		std dst
#		LMT	Local Mean Time
#		LST	Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'')
#	-4:00	AST	Atlantic
#	-3:00	WGT+DST	Western Greenland*
#	-2:00	MGT+DST	Middle Greenland*
#	-1:00	EGT+DST	Eastern Greenland*
#	-1:00	ACT+DST	Azores and Canaries*
#	-1:00	IST IDT	Iceland (no longer used)*
#	 0:00	GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
#	 0:00	WET+DST Western Europe
#	 1:00	MET+DST Middle Europe
#	 2:00	EET+DST Eastern Europe
#	 3:00	MSK MSD	Moscow
#	 3:00	TUR+DST	Turkey (no longer used)*
#	 4:00	KSK KSD	Kuybyshev (was 3:00)*
#	 5:00	ESK ESD	Yekaterinburg (was 4:00) (was SSK, SSD)*
#	 6:00	OSK OSD	Omsk (was 5:00)*
#	 6:00	NSK NSD	Novosibirsk (was 7:00)
#	 7:00	TSK TSD	Tomsk (was 6:00)*
#	 8:00	ISK ISD	Irkutsk (was 7:00)*
#	 9:00	YSK YSD	Yakutsk (was 8:00)*
#	10:00	VSK VSD	Vladivostok (was 9:00)*
#	11:00	MSK MSD	Magadan (was 10:00)*
#	12:00	PSK PSD	Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski (was 11:00)*
#	13:00	ASK ASD	Anadyr (was 12:00)*
#
# See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions.
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
# Oxford University Press (1980).

# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
# LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'').

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (December 4, 1994),
# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
# ...
# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
# ...
# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
# in the Directive.

###############################################################################

# United Kingdom

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
#
# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
# of the text said:
#
# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
#
# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
#
# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
#
# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847 Sep 22 the
# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
#
# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22.  We don't know as much
# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.

# From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989):
#
# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.

# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
# politics making a fortune, not computing.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
#
# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
# (different from deciding to keep the status quo).  According to the
# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
# and 1994 are:
#	Start		End
# 1993	28 March	24 October
# 1994	27 March	23 October
# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
#
# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
#
# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
# an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
# to specify the EC specified dates.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993):
#
# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
#
# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
# regarding double summer time.
#
# [two other similar questions omitted]
#
# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
# Monday, 2nd April.'

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
#
# > # Current rules
# > Rule GB-Eire 1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	BST
# > Rule GB-Eire 1981	max	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00s	0	GMT
#
# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
# what will happen.
#
# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
# be the end of it.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993):
#
# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
# summer months'.
#
# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
#
# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
#
# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
#
# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
#
# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
#
# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
# was different.
#
# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993):
#
# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
#
# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
# Act 1916)....  As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
# sequence would have been:
# Dublin		London
# 02:34 DST	02:59 BST
# 02:35 DST	02:00 GMT
# 02:59 DST	02:24 GMT
# 02:25 GMT	02:25 GMT
# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
#
# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
# of the 1880 date in Shanks.  The little bit of it that is repealed
# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993):
#
# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
# ever since it first started in 1916.
#
# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
#
# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
# and the table itself is also wrong.  The correct date is 13 April.
# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
# except for wartime double summer time.
#
# As evidence I would cite:
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
#
# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
#
# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
#
# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
#
# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
# so approved.
#
# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
#
# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
#
# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
#   [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
#
# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
#   1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
#
# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
#   1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
#
# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
# England and Wales were indivisible.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
#   1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
#
# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
#   1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
#
# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
#
# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
#
# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
#
# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
# measures saying it didn't.
#
# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
#
# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
#
# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
# 1 hour.
#
# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
#
# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
# to 01:00 GMT.)
#
# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
#
# This specifies dates of:
#       Start       End
# 1993  28 March    24 October
# 1994  27 March    23 October
# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
#
# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
#
# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
#
# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
# throughout the UK.
#
# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
#
# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993)
#
# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
# all the Acts.
#
# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
#
# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
#
# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
# again so they leave it out.
#
# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
#
#		Peter Ilieve		peter@memex.co.uk
#
#
# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
# ## Lines like this are comments.
# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
# ## Control lines are of the form
# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
#
# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
#
# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1916
# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
#
# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
# # unknown Order or Orders ???
# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1922
# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1925
# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
#
# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
# 1939 3 April 3 November
# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
# 1940 4 feb 0 none
# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
#
# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
# 1946 3 April 1 October
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1947
# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
# # Unknown Order ???
# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
#
# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
#
# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1972
# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
#
# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
# # First EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
# 1981    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
# 1982    28 Mar  24 Oct fixed
# # Second EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
# 1983    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
# 1984    25 Mar  28 Oct fixed
# 1985    31 Mar  27 Oct fixed
# # Third EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
# 1986    30 Mar  26 Oct fixed
# 1987    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
# 1988    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
# # Fourth EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
# 1989    26 Mar  29 Oct fixed
# # Fifth EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
# 1990    25 Mar  28 Oct fixed
# 1991    31 Mar  27 Oct fixed
# 1992    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
# # Sixth EC Directive
# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
# 1993    28 Mar  24 Oct fixed
# 1994    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (August 18, 1994):
# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
# Year	 Start		End		End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
# (rule) (last Sun)	(last Sun)	(4th Sun)
# 1995	26 March	24 September	22 October
# 1996	31 March	27 October
# 1997	30 March	26 October
#
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
# 1995-97 is now in place.  The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
# came into force on 16 November.  It restates the dates from the EC
# seventh Summer Time Directive....

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
# when 29 October was used.  That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
# directive for just this year.  I don't have the text of the 5th EC
# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
#
# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
# 20 April was an Easter Sunday.  Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
#
# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
#	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
# It actually just had one transition.
#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
#
# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
# we'll ignore it for now.
#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
#	to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
#	conform with Great Britain.
#
# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	GB-Eire 1847	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	GMT
# 1916 to 1925--irregular
Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	13	2:00s	1:00	BST
# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	13	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	19	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	25	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	DST
Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	DST
Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	1:00s	2:00	DST
Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	15	1:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	DST
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
# So much for double saving time.  1948 and 1949, irregular.
Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1948	1949	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1967	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1971	only	-	Oct	31	3:00	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
# 1981 on
Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
# See EC for rules starting in 1996.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Sep 22
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Feb 18 2:00
			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
			 0:00	EC	GMT/BST
Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
			-0:25:21 1:00	DST	1916 Oct  1 3:00
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Feb 18 2:00
			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 3:00
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
			 0:00	EC	GMT/BST
Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:21 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
			-0:25:21 1:00	DST	1916 Oct  1 3:00
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Feb 25 2:00
			 0:00	1:00	BST	1946 Oct  6 2:00
			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16 2:00
			 0:00	1:00	BST	1947 Nov  2 2:00
			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18 2:00
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Feb 18 2:00
			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 3:00
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
			 0:00	EC	GMT/BST

###############################################################################

# Continental Europe

# EC rules are for the European Community.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	EC	1800	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	EC	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	" DST"
Rule	EC	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
Rule	EC	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
Rule	EC	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
Rule	EC	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	" DST"
Rule	EC	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-

# W-Eur differs from EC only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
Rule	W-Eur	1800	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-

# Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
# From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EC only in that M-Eur uses standard time.
Rule	M-Eur	1800	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	M-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	M-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	M-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	M-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	M-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Shanks says DST was continuous from 1940 Apr 1 to 1942 Nov 2; go with Whitman.
Rule	M-Eur	1940	only	-	Dec	31	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	M-Eur	1941	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	M-Eur	1941	only	-	Oct	 5	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	M-Eur	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	M-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	M-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	M-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	M-Eur	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
Rule	M-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	M-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	M-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	M-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	M-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	M-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	M-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Russia	1880	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	K
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	D
# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	DD
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	K
Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	K
Rule	Russia	1984	max	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	K
Rule	Russia	1985	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	D

# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	WET		0:00	EC	WET%s
Zone	MET		1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
Zone	EET		2:00	EC	EET%s

# Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time

Link	MET	CET

# Albania
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
			1:00	-	MET	1940 Jun 16
			1:00	Albania	MET%s	1985 Mar 31 1:00
			1:00	W-Eur	MET%s
#			This may change to `EC' soon.

# Andorra
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
			1:00	-	MET	1985 Mar 31 2:00
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Austria
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Austria	1918	only	-	Jun	16	3:00	0	-
Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Austria	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Austria	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:20 -	LMT	1893 Apr
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1918 Jun 16 3:00
			1:00	Austria	MET%s	1940 Apr  1 2:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2 2:00
			1:00	Austria	MET%s	1981
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Belarus
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
			2:31	Russia	LST%s	1919 Jul 1 2:00
			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1922 Oct
			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
#			This may change to `EC' soon.

# Belgium
# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# From Whitman:
Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
Rule	Belgium	1920	1921	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
Rule	Belgium	1922	1928	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1929	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:20 -	LMT	1880
			0:17	-	BST	1892 May  1 12:00
			0:00	-	WET	1914 Aug  4
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1919 Mar  1 23:00
			0:00	Belgium	WET%s	1940 Feb 24 23:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2  2:00
			1:00	Belgium	MET%s	1977
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Bosnia and Herzegovina
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Sarajevo	1:13:40	-	LMT	1884
			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
			1:00	-	MET	1983
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Bulgaria
# Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
# the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat<=7	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
			1:57	-	TST	1894 Nov 30
			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2  3:00
			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
			2:00	Bulg	EET%s	1982 Sep 26  2:00
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
#			This may change to `EC' soon.

# Croatia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
			1:00	-	MET	1983
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Czech Republic
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Czech	1944	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
			0:58	-	PMT	1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
			1:00	Czech	MET%s	1979
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Denmark
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
#
# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
			 0:50	-	CMT	1894 Apr  # Copenhagen Mean Time
			 1:00	Denmark	MET%s	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
			 1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2 2:00
			 1:00	Denmark	MET%s	1980
			 1:00	EC	MET%s
Zone Atlantic/Faeroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
			 0:00	-	WET	1981
			 0:00	EC	WET%s
Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
			-2:00	-	MGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
			-2:00	M-Eur	MGT%s	1981 Mar 29
			-1:00	M-Eur	EGT%s
Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
			-3:00	M-Eur	WGT%s
Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
			-4:00	-	AST

# Estonia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
#
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
			1:39	-	LST	1918 Feb
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1919 Jul
			1:39	-	LST	1921 May
			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Sep 22
			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
#			This may change to `EC' soon.

# Finland
#
# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
# Go with Strang instead.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Finland	1921	only	-	May	1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
			1:40	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
			2:00	Finland	EET%s	1981 Mar 29 2:00
			2:00	EC	EET%s

# France
# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
# From Shanks (1991):
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	France	1911	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	" DST"
# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 0:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	France	1943	only	-	Nov	 4	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
			0:00	France	WET%s	1940 Jun 14
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Aug 25
			0:00	France	WET%s	1945 Sep 16 3:00
			1:00	France	MET%s	1977
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Germany
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule	Germany	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr 2 2:00
			1:00	Germany	MET%s	1980
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Gibraltar
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14 2:00
			1:00	-	MET	1982
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Greece
# They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
# Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
# The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Greece	1916	only	-	July	28	0:01	0	-
# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
			1:35	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
			2:00	Greece	EET%s	1941 Apr 30
			1:00	Greece	MET%s	1944 Apr  4
			2:00	Greece	EET%s	1981
			# Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981;
			# go with EC intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
			2:00	EC	EET%s

# Hungary
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1918 Jul
			1:00	Hungary	MET%s	1941 Apr  6  2:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  1 23:00
			1:00	Hungary	MET%s	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Iceland
#
# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
#
# (December 5, 1993):
# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
# Iceland Almanak.
#
# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
#
# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
#
# (December 10, 1993):
# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
#	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
#	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
# might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced
# in Iceland until 1700.
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993):
# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Iceland	1908	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	S
Rule	Iceland	1917	1918	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	S
Rule	Iceland	1918	only	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	S
Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Nov	29	 2:00	0	S
Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Nov	 3	 2:00	0	S
Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Mar	 2	 1:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Nov	 2	 1:00s	0	S
Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 1:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Oct	25	 1:00s	0	S
# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Iceland	1943	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	S
# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	D
# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	S
Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	S
Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
			-1:28	-	RMT	1908	   # Reykjavik Mean Time
			-1:00	Iceland	I%sT	1968 Apr 7 1:00s
			 0:00	-	GMT

# Italy
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Italy	1893	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00s	0	S
# Shanks gives transition times of 1916-1920 as 24:00; go with Whitman.
Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	20	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Shanks gives 1920 Sep 18; go with Whitman.
Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	17	0:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1966	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
			0:50	-	RMT	1893 Nov	# Rome Mean Time
			1:00	Italy	MET%s	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
			1:00	Italy	MET%s	1980
			1:00	EC	MET%s

Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino

# Latvia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
			1:36	-	LST	1918 Apr 15 2:00
			1:36	M-Eur	LST%s	1919 Apr  1 2:00
			1:36	1:00  "LST DST"	1919 May 22 3:00
			1:36	-	LST	1926 May 11
			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Aug  8
			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
#			This may change to `EC' soon.

# Liechtenstein
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
			1:00	-	MET	1981
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Lithuania
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
			1:24	-	LST	1917		# Kaunas
			1:36	-	LST	1919 Oct 10
			1:00	-	MET	1920 Jul 12
			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
			1:00	-	MET	1940 Aug  3
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Aug
			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
#			This may change to `EC' soon.

# Luxembourg
# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Lux	1904	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	" DST"
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
			1:00	Lux	MET%s	1918 Nov 25
			0:00	Lux	WET%s	1929 Oct  6 2:00s
			0:00	Belgium	WET%s	1940 May 14 3:00
			1:00	M-Eur	WET%s	1944 Sep 18 3:00
			1:00	Belgium	MET%s	1977
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Macedonia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Skopje	1:25:44	-	LMT	1884
			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
			1:00	-	MET	1983
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Malta
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	" DST"
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2	# Valletta
			1:00	Italy	MET%s	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
			1:00	Italy	MET%s	1973 Mar 31
			1:00	Malta	MET%s	1981
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Moldova
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
#			This may change to `EC' soon.

# Monaco
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
			0:00	France	WET%s	1945 Sep 16 3:00
			1:00	France	MET%s	1977
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Netherlands
# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Neth	1892	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	AMT
# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00s	0	AMT
Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	Mon>=24	2:00s	0	AMT
Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	NST
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule	Neth	1922	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	 1	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	NST
# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	 5	2:00s	1:00	NST
# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	May	20	2:00s	0	-
# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:28 -	LMT	1892 May
			0:19:28	Neth	%s	1937 Jul
			0:20	Neth	%s	1940 May 16 0:40
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2 2:00
			1:00	Neth	MET%s	1977
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Norway
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Norway	1892	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
Rule	Norway	1935	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895
			1:00	Norway	MET%s	1940 Aug 10 23:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2  2:00
			1:00	Norway	MET%s	1980
			1:00	EC	MET%s
# Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo.
#
# From Whitman:
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen	-1:00	-	EGT

# Poland
# Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
# on 1582 Oct 15.  Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	-
Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Poland	1947	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	Sun>=25	1:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
			1:24	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1918 Sep 16 3:00
			2:00	Poland	EET%s	1922 Jun
			1:00	Poland	MET%s	1940 Jun 23 2:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Oct
			1:00	Poland	MET%s	1977 Apr  3 1:00
			1:00	W-Eur	MET%s
#			This may change to `EC' soon.

# Portugal
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Port	1911	only	-	May	24	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
			-0:37	-	LMT	1911 May 24   # Lisbon Mean Time
			 0:00	Port	WET%s	1966 Apr  3 2:00
			 1:00	-	MET	1976 Sep 26 1:00
			 0:00	Port	WET%s	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
			 0:00	EC	WET%s	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
			 1:00	EC	MET%s	1996 Mar 31 1:00u
# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
			 0:00	1:00  "WET DST"	1996 Oct 27 1:00u
			 0:00	EC	WET%s
# We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
# so we'll just use Shanks for now.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884		# Ponta Delgada
			-1:55	-	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
			-2:00	Port	ACT%s	1966 Apr  3 2:00
			-1:00	-	ACT	1977 Mar 27
			-1:00	-	ACT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
			-1:00	W-Eur	ACT%s
Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funchal
			-1:08	-	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
			-1:00	Port	ACT%s	1966 Apr  3 2:00
			 0:00	-	WET	1977 Mar 27
			 0:00	Port	WET%s	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
			 0:00	EC	WET%s

# Romania
# Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on
# on 1919 Mar 18.  Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Romania	1931	only	-	Jul	24	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
			1:44	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24	# Bucharest MT
			2:00	Romania	EET%s	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
#			This may change to `EC' soon.

# Russia
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
# Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991,
# are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
# I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
# guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little.
# The rest is from Shanks.
#
# From Shanks (1991):
# Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
# on 1918 Jan 14.  Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18.
# In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
# a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
			 2:31	Russia	LST%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
			 3:00	Russia	MS%s	1922 Oct
			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			 3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	MS%s
Zone Europe/Kuybyshev	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 3:00	-	KSK	1957 Mar
			 4:00	Russia	KS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 3:00	1:00	KSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 3:00	-	KSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 4:00	Russia	KS%s
Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:34 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 4:00	-	SSK	1957 Mar
			 5:00	Russia	SS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 4:00	1:00	SSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 4:00	-	SSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 5:00	Russia	ES%s	# name change from Sverdlovsk
Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 5:00	-	OSK	1957 Mar
			 6:00	Russia	OS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 5:00	1:00	OSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 5:00	-	OSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 6:00	Russia	OS%s
# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994):
# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 6:00	-	NSK	1957 Mar
			 7:00	Russia	NS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 6:00	1:00	NSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 6:00	-	NSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 7:00	Russia	NS%s	1994 Mar 27 2:00s
			 6:00	1:00	NSD	1994 Sep 25 2:00s
			 6:00	Russia	NS%s
Zone Asia/Tomsk		 5:39:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 6:00	-	TSK	1957 Mar
			 7:00	Russia	TS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 6:00	1:00	TSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 6:00	-	TSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 7:00	Russia	TS%s
Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
			 6:57	-	LST	1924 May  2
			 7:00	-	ISK	1957 Mar
			 8:00	Russia	IS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 7:00	1:00	ISD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 7:00	-	ISK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 8:00	Russia	IS%s
Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 8:00	-	YSK	1957 Mar
			 9:00	Russia	YS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 8:00	1:00	YSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 8:00	-	YSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 9:00	Russia	YS%s
Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1880
			 8:48	-	LST	1924 May  2
			 9:00	-	VSK	1957 Mar
			10:00	Russia	VS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 9:00	1:00	VSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 9:00	-	VSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			10:00	Russia	VS%s
Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			10:00	-	MSK	1957 Mar
			11:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			10:00	1:00	MSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			10:00	-	MSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			11:00	Russia	MS%s
# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			11:00	-	PSK	1957 Mar
			12:00	Russia	PS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			11:00	1:00	PSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			11:00	-	PSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			12:00	Russia	PS%s
Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			12:00	-	ASK	1957 Mar
			13:00	Russia	AS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			12:00	1:00	ASD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			12:00	-	ASK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			13:00	Russia	AS%s

# Slovakia
Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava

# Slovenia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Ljubljana	0:58:04	-	LMT	1884
			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
			1:00	-	MET	1983
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Spain
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Spain	1901	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1917	1919	-	Oct	 6	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1946	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901
			 0:00	Spain	WET%s	1946 Sep 30
			 1:00	Spain	MET%s	1979
			 1:00	EC	MET%s
Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
			-1:00	-	ACT	1946 Sep 30 1:00
			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6 0:00s
			 0:00	1:00  "WET DST"	1980 Sep 28 0:00s
			 0:00	EC	WET%s

# Sweden
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1878 May 31
			1:12	-	SMT	1900 Jan  1  1:00 # Stockholm MT
			1:00	-	MET	1916 Apr 14 23:00s
			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1916 Sep 30 23:00s
			1:00	-	MET	1980
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Switzerland
# From Howse (1988), p 82:
# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Swiss	1894	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	0	-
# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
# From Shanks (1991):
Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
			0:30	-	SST	1894 Jun   # Swiss Standard Time
			1:00	Swiss	MET%s	1981
			1:00	EC	MET%s

# Turkey
# European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908.
# Asian Turkey switched in 1914.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Turkey	1910	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1947	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Nov	 4	3:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	5:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1975	1976	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1977	only	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1979	1982	-	Oct	Mon>=11	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
			1:57	-	OMT	1910 Oct     # Ottoman Mean Time
			2:00	Turkey	EET%s	1978 Oct 15
			3:00	Turkey	TUR%s	1985 Apr 20
			2:00	Turkey	EET%s	1986
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
#			This may change to `EC' soon.
Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.

# Ukraine
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
			2:02	Russia	LST%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
			2:02	Ukraine	LST%s	1924 May  2
			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1990 Jul 17
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
#			This may change to `EC' soon.
Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
			2:08	Russia	LST%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
			2:08	Ukraine	LST%s	1924 May  2
			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
# Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections.
# For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27.
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s	1994 Mar 27 2:00s
			3:00	Russia	MS%s

# Yugoslavia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
			1:00	-	MET	1983
			1:00	EC	MET%s

###############################################################################

# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
#
# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)

# ...
# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
# ...
#
# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
# most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
# years...
# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
#
# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
#
# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho

# ...
# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
# ...
#
# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
#
# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
# dates...
#
# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
# in advance of normal time.
#
# ...
# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
# INTERNET   : dik@cwi.nl
# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax

# From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
# ...
# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
# ...
# Monaco: has same DST as France.
# ...

# ...
# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
# ...
# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
#
# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.