# @(#)europe 7.37 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition), # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991). # Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below. # # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which # I found in the UCLA library. # # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. # The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome! # std dst # LMT Local Mean Time # LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'') # -4:00 AST Atlantic # -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland* # -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland* # -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland* # -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries* # -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)* # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer # 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe # 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe # 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow # 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)* # 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev (was 3:00)* # 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg (was 4:00) (was SSK, SSD)* # 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk (was 5:00)* # 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00) # 7:00 KRSK KRSD Krasnoyarsk (was 6:00) # 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk (was 7:00)* # 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk (was 8:00)* # 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok (was 9:00)* # 11:00 MSK MSD Magadan (was 10:00)* # 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski (was 11:00)* # 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr (was 12:00)* # # See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions. # # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude, # Oxford University Press (1980). # From Andrew A. Chernov (November 12, 1993): # LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya''). # From Peter Ilieve (December 4, 1994), # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, # Luxembourg, the Netherlands. # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) # ... # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. # ... # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed # in the Directive. ############################################################################### # United Kingdom # From Peter Ilieve (July 6, 1994): # # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph # of the text said: # # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking # along the towpath within a few yards of it.' # # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. # # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] # From Paul Eggert (November 18, 1993): # # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828); # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844), # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude. # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2. # # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time. # From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989): # # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) # From: Jonathan Leffler # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in # politics making a fortune, not computing. # From Peter Ilieve (September 3, 1993): # # Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation # exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift # (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the # Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993 # and 1994 are: # Start End # 1993 28 March 24 October # 1994 27 March 23 October # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT. # # There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981. # The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT # as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since. # # I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the # Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order # in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day # after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in # which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday. # It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday # in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.) # This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by # an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above) # to specify the EC specified dates. # From Peter Ilieve (October 18, 1993): # # My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department # accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following, # from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers, # 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60: # # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals # regarding double summer time. # # [two other similar questions omitted] # # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday, # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from # Monday, 2nd April.' # From Peter Ilieve (September 3, 1993): # # > # Current rules # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT # # The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth # Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't # followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then # and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with # the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time # Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history # and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows # what will happen. # # There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another # attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start # asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically # state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want # common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone # and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap # summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should # be the end of it. # From Peter Ilieve (October 22, 1993): # # I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all. # It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland # being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the # summer months'. # # It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever # dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years. # # Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it # applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references # to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.' # # Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote # from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts: # # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' # # She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of # the Irish Free State, now called Eire. # # The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert # that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales # was different. # # It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then, # and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct. # From Peter Ilieve (October 28, 1993): # # I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of # the Time (Ireland) Act 1916. # # It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time # for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great # Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time # Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would # have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the # sequence would have been: # Dublin London # 02:34 DST 02:59 BST # 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT # 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT # 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT # with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once. # # In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the # Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source # of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed # also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time. # From Peter Ilieve (October 29, 1993): # # My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin # Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom # ever since it first started in 1916. # # The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from # 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date. # # The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation # Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a # change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail # and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April. # The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on, # except for wartime double summer time. # # As evidence I would cite: # # - The Summer Time Act, 1916. # # This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of # 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the # times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour. # # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 # # This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916. # It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 # that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least # from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK. # # - The Summer Time Act, 1922 # # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September. # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament # so approved. # # It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel # Islands, and the Isle of Man. # # - The Summer Time Act, 1925 # # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the # day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent, # so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply. # # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379 # [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order] # # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939. # It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November. # It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation, # which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act, # 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883 # # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940. # It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476 # # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time, # which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about # consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part # `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as # if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and # 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) # Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section # for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board # for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that # England and Wales were indivisible. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506 # # This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first # Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932 # # This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944. # (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost # certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.) # # (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945 # and the Summer Time Act, 1947.) # # - The British Standard Time Act, 1968 # # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout # the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971. # There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all. # It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it # applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed # measures saying it didn't. # # - The Manx Time Act, 1968 # # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain. # # - The Summer Time Act, 1972 # # This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter, # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is # 1 hour. # # It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968, # applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the # Isle of Man if they don't do something about it. # # (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to # harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes # to 01:00 GMT.) # # - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument] # # This specifies dates of: # Start End # 1993 28 March 24 October # 1994 27 March 23 October # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.... # # - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes # # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' # # So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland, # the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any # part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply # throughout the UK. # # With that, I rest my case Milud :-) # # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out # the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence, # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter). # From Peter Ilieve (November 18, 1993) # # Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent # before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and # all the Acts. # # There are no changes to the dates we already have. # # My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order # does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a # different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed # before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone. # # I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders. # The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time # Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in # italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all. # I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the # end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent. # They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it # again so they leave it out. # # It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript # showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in # place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government # paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)]. # # Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk # # # ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates # ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper. # ## Lines like this are comments. # ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output # ## Control lines are of the form # ## # ## is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with -- # ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot. # ## and are a digit followed bu a month name. # ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on . # ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71. # ## can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double' # ## to indicate double summer time dates are present. # ## At present double requires fixed as well. # ## and are like the start and end dates, with # ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature. # # ## Blank lines are also ignored. # # ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates # ## against the Act or Order, are marked ??? # ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table. # # # Summer Time Act, 1916 # 1916 21 May 1 October fixed # # ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them. # # unknown Order or Orders ??? # 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed # 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed # 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed # # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722) # 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed # 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed # # # Summer Time Act, 1922 # # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ??? # 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed # 1923-1924 3 April 3 September # # # Summer Time Act, 1925 # 1925--1938 3 April 1 October # # # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939 # 1939 3 April 3 November # # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883) # 1940 4 feb 0 none # # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476) # 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug # # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506) # 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug # 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug # # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932) # 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep # # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945 # 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul # # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 # 1946 3 April 1 October # # # Summer Time Act, 1947 # # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time # 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug # ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948. # # Unknown Order ??? # 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed # ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the # ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc. # # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ??? # 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ??? # 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ??? # 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ??? # 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed # # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 # 1953--1960 3 April 1 October # # ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday # ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967. # ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967. # # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71) # 1961 26 March 29 October fixed # # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465) # 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81) # 1963 31 March 27 October fixed # # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101) # 1964 22 March 25 October fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201) # 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed # 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed # 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148) # # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man # # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117) # # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK # # British Standard Time Act, 1968 # 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed # 1969--1970 0 none 0 none # 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed # # # Summer Time Act, 1972 # 1972-1980 3 March 4 October # # # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct # # First EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089) # 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed # 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed # # Second EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673) # 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed # 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed # 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed # # Third EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223) # 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed # 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed # 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed # # Fourth EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931) # 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed # # Fifth EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985) # 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed # 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed # 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed # # Sixth EC Directive # # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729) # 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed # 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed # From Peter Ilieve (August 18, 1994): # I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements # (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May.... # The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year # that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else, # and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October. # Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only) # (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun) # 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October # 1996 31 March 27 October # 1997 30 March 26 October # # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-01): # The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for # 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798) # came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC # seventh Summer Time Directive.... # # From Peter Ilieve (1996-04-20): # Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced # by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just # before Easter). # From Peter Ilieve (March 28, 1994): # The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule # of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat. # The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989, # when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order # for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC # directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC # directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun. # To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule # of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990. # From Paul Eggert (November 18, 1993): # # As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error; # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date. # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925. # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition; # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now. # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. # # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. # It actually just had one transition. # * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II. # Actually, it conformed to Britain. # # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful; # we'll ignore it for now. # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT # to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to # conform with Great Britain. # # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # 1916 to 1925--irregular Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST # Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above. Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT # So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular. Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1950 through start of 1953, regular. Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT # 1954 to 1980, starting rules Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1953 to 1980, ending rules Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1961 1967 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 3:00 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT # 1981 on Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT # See EU for rules starting in 1996. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 0:00 EU GMT/BST Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 0:00 EU GMT/BST Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Feb 25 2:00 0:00 1:00 BST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 0:00 1:00 BST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 0:00 EU GMT/BST ############################################################################### # Continental Europe # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, # Common Market, etc. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST" Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST" Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - # Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. # From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EU only in that M-Eur uses standard time. Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks. Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 - Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition. # From Andrew A. Chernov (November 12, 1993): # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21. Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D # These are for backward compatibility with older versions. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone WET 0:00 EU WET%s Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s Zone EET 2:00 EU EET%s # Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time Link MET CET # Albania # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00 1:00 W-Eur MET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. # Andorra # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 1:00 EU MET%s # Austria # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981 1:00 EU MET%s # Belarus # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. # Belgium # Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # From Whitman: Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - # Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman. Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks. Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks. Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks. Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977 1:00 EU MET%s # Bosnia and Herzegovina # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EU MET%s # Bulgaria # Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14; # the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. # Croatia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EU MET%s # Czech Republic # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979 1:00 EU MET%s # Denmark # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. # # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980 1:00 EU MET%s Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 0:00 - WET 1981 0:00 EU WET%s Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 -4:00 - AST # Estonia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. # # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15): # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul 1:39 - LST 1921 May 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. # Finland # # From Hannu Strang (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, # and it's supposed to change at 4am... # # From Paul Eggert (25 Sep 1994): # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. # Go with Strang instead. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00 2:00 EU EET%s # France # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. # From Shanks (1991): # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST" # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco). Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1:00 France MET%s 1977 1:00 EU MET%s # Germany # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks. Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980 1:00 EU MET%s # Gibraltar # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1:00 - MET 1982 1:00 EU MET%s # Greece # They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846. # Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28. # The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981 # Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981; # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 2:00 EU EET%s # Hungary # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1:00 EU MET%s # Iceland # # From Adam David (November 6, 1993): # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. # # (December 5, 1993): # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of # Iceland Almanak. # # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. # # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. # # (December 10, 1993): # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it # might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced # in Iceland until 1700. # # From Paul Eggert (December 9, 1993): # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 -1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time -1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 0:00 - GMT # Italy # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri # (see `FP' below), # taken from a publication of the Italian National Electrotechnical Institute. # When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: # # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see M-Eur) # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Jul 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980 1:00 EU MET%s Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino # Latvia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. # Liechtenstein # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1:00 - MET 1981 1:00 EU MET%s # Lithuania # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. # Luxembourg # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977 1:00 EU MET%s # Macedonia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EU MET%s # Malta # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981 1:00 EU MET%s # Moldova # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. # Monaco # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1:00 France MET%s 1977 1:00 EU MET%s # Netherlands # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman. Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 - # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977 1:00 EU MET%s # Norway # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - # Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman. Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST" # Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4, # 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940. Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980 1:00 EU MET%s # Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo. # # From Whitman: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT # Poland # Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar # on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST" # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1:00 W-Eur MET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. # Portugal # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 0:00 EU WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (November 12, 1992): # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1:00 EU MET%s 1996 Mar 31 1:00u # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1996 Oct 27 1:00u 0:00 EU WET%s # We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores, # so we'll just use Shanks for now. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 0:00 EU WET%s # Romania # Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on # on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. # Russia # From Paul Eggert (May 28, 1994): # Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991, # are from Andrew A. Chernov . # I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified) # guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little. # The rest is from Shanks. # # From Shanks (1991): # Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar # on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18. # In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted # a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3:00 Russia MS%s Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar 4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 4:00 Russia KS%s Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 6:00 Russia OS%s # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (June 29, 1994): # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! # I do not know why they have decided to make this change; # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s 6:00 Russia NS%s Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia KRS%s Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 8:00 Russia IS%s Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 9:00 Russia YS%s Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 10:00 Russia VS%s Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 10:00 - MSK 1957 Mar 11:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 10:00 1:00 MSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 10:00 - MSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 11:00 Russia MS%s # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 12:00 Russia PS%s Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 13:00 Russia AS%s # Slovakia Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava # Slovenia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EU MET%s # Spain # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979 1:00 EU MET%s Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 0:00 EU WET%s # Sweden # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s 1:00 - MET 1980 1:00 EU MET%s # Switzerland # From Howse (1988), p 82: # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - # From Shanks (1991): Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981 1:00 EU MET%s # Turkey # European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908. # Asian Turkey switched in 1914. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman. Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. # Ukraine # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s # From Paul Eggert (May 28, 1994): # Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections. # For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27. 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 3:00 Russia MS%s # Yugoslavia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EU MET%s ############################################################################### # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. # # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) # ... # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> # ... # # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following # years... # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. # # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the # Soviet Union (as far as I know). # # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, # 4002 Basle, Switzerland # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho # ... # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) # ... # # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. # # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch # dates... # # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours # in advance of normal time. # # ... # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax # From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988): # ... # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). # Since 1978. Change at midnight. # ... # Monaco: has same DST as France. # ... # ... # Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST # From: Peter Ilieve # ... # Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC # of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and # 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will # change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March # and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK # and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October. # It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994, # but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't # arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath. # # The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't # seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start # dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.