Appendix A Installing the GNU C Library *************************************** Before you do anything else, you should read the file `FAQ' located at the top level of the source tree. This file answers common questions and describes problems you may experience with compilation and installation. It is updated more frequently than this manual. Features can be added to GNU Libc via "add-on" bundles. These are separate tar files, which you unpack into the top level of the source tree. Then you give `configure' the `--enable-add-ons' option to activate them, and they will be compiled into the library. As of the 2.2 release, one important component of glibc is distributed as "official" add-ons: the linuxthreads add-on. Unless you are doing an unusual installation, you should get this. Support for POSIX threads is maintained by someone else, so it's in a separate package. It is only available for GNU/Linux systems, but this will change in the future. Get it from the same place you got the main bundle; the file is `glibc-linuxthreads-VERSION.tar.gz'. You will need recent versions of several GNU tools: definitely GCC and GNU Make, and possibly others. *Note Tools for Compilation::, below. A.1 Configuring and compiling GNU Libc ====================================== GNU libc can be compiled in the source directory, but we strongly advise building it in a separate build directory. For example, if you have unpacked the glibc sources in `/src/gnu/glibc-2.3', create a directory `/src/gnu/glibc-build' to put the object files in. This allows removing the whole build directory in case an error occurs, which is the safest way to get a fresh start and should always be done. From your object directory, run the shell script `configure' located at the top level of the source tree. In the scenario above, you'd type $ ../glibc-2.3/configure ARGS... Please note that even if you're building in a separate build directory, the compilation needs to modify a few files in the source directory, especially some files in the manual subdirectory. `configure' takes many options, but you can get away with knowing only two: `--prefix' and `--enable-add-ons'. The `--prefix' option tells `configure' where you want glibc installed. This defaults to `/usr/local'. The `--enable-add-ons' option tells `configure' to use all the add-on bundles it finds in the source directory. Since important functionality is provided in add-ons, you should always specify this option. It may also be useful to set the CC and CFLAGS variables in the environment when running `configure'. CC selects the C compiler that will be used, and CFLAGS sets optimization options for the compiler. The following list describes all of the available options for `configure': `--prefix=DIRECTORY' Install machine-independent data files in subdirectories of `DIRECTORY'. The default is to install in `/usr/local'. `--exec-prefix=DIRECTORY' Install the library and other machine-dependent files in subdirectories of `DIRECTORY'. The default is to the `--prefix' directory if that option is specified, or `/usr/local' otherwise. `--with-headers=DIRECTORY' Look for kernel header files in DIRECTORY, not `/usr/include'. Glibc needs information from the kernel's private header files. Glibc will normally look in `/usr/include' for them, but if you specify this option, it will look in DIRECTORY instead. This option is primarily of use on a system where the headers in `/usr/include' come from an older version of glibc. Conflicts can occasionally happen in this case. Note that Linux libc5 qualifies as an older version of glibc. You can also use this option if you want to compile glibc with a newer set of kernel headers than the ones found in `/usr/include'. `--enable-add-ons[=LIST]' Enable add-on packages in your source tree. If this option is specified with no list, it enables all the add-on packages it finds. If you do not wish to use some add-on packages that you have present in your source tree, give this option a list of the add-ons that you _do_ want used, like this: `--enable-add-ons=linuxthreads' `--enable-kernel=VERSION' This option is currently only useful on GNU/Linux systems. The VERSION parameter should have the form X.Y.Z and describes the smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated library is expected to support. The higher the VERSION number is, the less compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets. `--with-binutils=DIRECTORY' Use the binutils (assembler and linker) in `DIRECTORY', not the ones the C compiler would default to. You can use this option if the default binutils on your system cannot deal with all the constructs in the GNU C library. In that case, `configure' will detect the problem and suppress these constructs, so that the library will still be usable, but functionality may be lost--for example, you can't build a shared libc with old binutils. `--without-fp' Use this option if your computer lacks hardware floating-point support and your operating system does not emulate an FPU. these `--disable-shared' Don't build shared libraries even if it is possible. Not all systems support shared libraries; you need ELF support and (currently) the GNU linker. `--disable-profile' Don't build libraries with profiling information. You may want to use this option if you don't plan to do profiling. `--enable-omitfp' Use maximum optimization for the normal (static and shared) libraries, and compile separate static libraries with debugging information and no optimization. We recommend not doing this. The extra optimization doesn't gain you much, it may provoke compiler bugs, and you won't be able to trace bugs through the C library. `--disable-versioning' Don't compile the shared libraries with symbol version information. Doing this will make the resulting library incompatible with old binaries, so it's not recommended. `--enable-static-nss' Compile static versions of the NSS (Name Service Switch) libraries. This is not recommended because it defeats the purpose of NSS; a program linked statically with the NSS libraries cannot be dynamically reconfigured to use a different name database. `--without-tls' By default the C library is built with support for thread-local storage if the used tools support it. By using `--without-tls' this can be prevented though there generally is no reason since it creates compatibility problems. `--build=BUILD-SYSTEM' `--host=HOST-SYSTEM' These options are for cross-compiling. If you specify both options and BUILD-SYSTEM is different from HOST-SYSTEM, `configure' will prepare to cross-compile glibc from BUILD-SYSTEM to be used on HOST-SYSTEM. You'll probably need the `--with-headers' option too, and you may have to override CONFIGURE's selection of the compiler and/or binutils. If you only specify `--host', `configure' will prepare for a native compile but use what you specify instead of guessing what your system is. This is most useful to change the CPU submodel. For example, if `configure' guesses your machine as `i586-pc-linux-gnu' but you want to compile a library for 386es, give `--host=i386-pc-linux-gnu' or just `--host=i386-linux' and add the appropriate compiler flags (`-mcpu=i386' will do the trick) to CFLAGS. If you specify just `--build', `configure' will get confused. To build the library and related programs, type `make'. This will produce a lot of output, some of which may look like errors from `make' but isn't. Look for error messages from `make' containing `***'. Those indicate that something is seriously wrong. The compilation process can take several hours. Expect at least two hours for the default configuration on i586 for GNU/Linux. For Hurd, times are much longer. Some complex modules may take a very long time to compile, as much as several minutes on slower machines. Do not panic if the compiler appears to hang. If you want to run a parallel make, simply pass the `-j' option with an appropriate numeric parameter to `make'. You need a recent GNU `make' version, though. To build and run test programs which exercise some of the library facilities, type `make check'. If it does not complete successfully, do not use the built library, and report a bug after verifying that the problem is not already known. *Note Reporting Bugs::, for instructions on reporting bugs. Note that some of the tests assume they are not being run by `root'. We recommend you compile and test glibc as an unprivileged user. Before reporting bugs make sure there is no problem with your system. The tests (and later installation) use some pre-existing files of the system such as `/etc/passwd', `/etc/nsswitch.conf' and others. These files must all contain correct and sensible content. To format the `GNU C Library Reference Manual' for printing, type `make dvi'. You need a working TeX installation to do this. The distribution already includes the on-line formatted version of the manual, as Info files. You can regenerate those with `make info', but it shouldn't be necessary. The library has a number of special-purpose configuration parameters which you can find in `Makeconfig'. These can be overwritten with the file `configparms'. To change them, create a `configparms' in your build directory and add values as appropriate for your system. The file is included and parsed by `make' and has to follow the conventions for makefiles. It is easy to configure the GNU C library for cross-compilation by setting a few variables in `configparms'. Set `CC' to the cross-compiler for the target you configured the library for; it is important to use this same `CC' value when running `configure', like this: `CC=TARGET-gcc configure TARGET'. Set `BUILD_CC' to the compiler to use for programs run on the build system as part of compiling the library. You may need to set `AR' and `RANLIB' to cross-compiling versions of `ar' and `ranlib' if the native tools are not configured to work with object files for the target you configured for. A.2 Installing the C Library ============================ To install the library and its header files, and the Info files of the manual, type `env LANGUAGE=C LC_ALL=C make install'. This will build things, if necessary, before installing them; however, you should still compile everything first. If you are installing glibc as your primary C library, we recommend that you shut the system down to single-user mode first, and reboot afterward. This minimizes the risk of breaking things when the library changes out from underneath. If you're upgrading from Linux libc5 or some other C library, you need to replace the `/usr/include' with a fresh directory before installing it. The new `/usr/include' should contain the Linux headers, but nothing else. You must first build the library (`make'), optionally check it (`make check'), switch the include directories and then install (`make install'). The steps must be done in this order. Not moving the directory before install will result in an unusable mixture of header files from both libraries, but configuring, building, and checking the library requires the ability to compile and run programs against the old library. If you are upgrading from a previous installation of glibc 2.0 or 2.1, `make install' will do the entire job. You do not need to remove the old includes - if you want to do so anyway you must then follow the order given above. You may also need to reconfigure GCC to work with the new library. The easiest way to do that is to figure out the compiler switches to make it work again (`-Wl,--dynamic-linker=/lib/ld-linux.so.2' should work on GNU/Linux systems) and use them to recompile gcc. You can also edit the specs file (`/usr/lib/gcc-lib/TARGET/VERSION/specs'), but that is a bit of a black art. You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it to go by setting the `install_root' variable on the command line for `make install'. The value of this variable is prepended to all the paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot environment or preparing a binary distribution. The directory should be specified with an absolute file name. Glibc 2.2 includes a daemon called `nscd', which you may or may not want to run. `nscd' caches name service lookups; it can dramatically improve performance with NIS+, and may help with DNS as well. One auxiliary program, `/usr/libexec/pt_chown', is installed setuid `root'. This program is invoked by the `grantpt' function; it sets the permissions on a pseudoterminal so it can be used by the calling process. This means programs like `xterm' and `screen' do not have to be setuid to get a pty. (There may be other reasons why they need privileges.) If you are using a 2.1 or newer Linux kernel with the `devptsfs' or `devfs' filesystems providing pty slaves, you don't need this program; otherwise you do. The source for `pt_chown' is in `login/programs/pt_chown.c'. After installation you might want to configure the timezone and locale installation of your system. The GNU C library comes with a locale database which gets configured with `localedef'. For example, to set up a German locale with name `de_DE', simply issue the command `localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE'. To configure all locales that are supported by glibc, you can issue from your build directory the command `make localedata/install-locales'. To configure the locally used timezone, set the `TZ' environment variable. The script `tzselect' helps you to select the right value. As an example, for Germany, `tzselect' would tell you to use `TZ='Europe/Berlin''. For a system wide installation (the given paths are for an installation with `--prefix=/usr'), link the timezone file which is in `/usr/share/zoneinfo' to the file `/etc/localtime'. For Germany, you might execute `ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin /etc/localtime'. A.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation ===================================== We recommend installing the following GNU tools before attempting to build the GNU C library: * GNU `make' 3.79 or newer You need the latest version of GNU `make'. Modifying the GNU C Library to work with other `make' programs would be so difficult that we recommend you port GNU `make' instead. *Really.* We recommend GNU `make' version 3.79. All earlier versions have severe bugs or lack features. * GCC 3.2 or newer The GNU C library can only be compiled with the GNU C compiler family. As of the 2.3 release, GCC 3.2 or higher is required. As of this writing, GCC 3.2 is the compiler we advise to use. You can use whatever compiler you like to compile programs that use GNU libc, but be aware that both GCC 2.7 and 2.8 have bugs in their floating-point support that may be triggered by the math library. Check the FAQ for any special compiler issues on particular platforms. * GNU `binutils' 2.13 or later You must use GNU `binutils' (as and ld) to build the GNU C library. No other assembler or linker has the necessary functionality at the moment. * GNU `texinfo' 3.12f To correctly translate and install the Texinfo documentation you need this version of the `texinfo' package. Earlier versions do not understand all the tags used in the document, and the installation mechanism for the info files is not present or works differently. * GNU `awk' 3.0, or some other POSIX awk `Awk' is used in several places to generate files. The scripts should work with any POSIX-compliant `awk' implementation; `gawk' 3.0 and `mawk' 1.3 are known to work. * Perl 5 Perl is not required, but it is used if present to test the installation. We may decide to use it elsewhere in the future. * GNU `sed' 3.02 or newer `Sed' is used in several places to generate files. Most scripts work with any version of `sed'. The known exception is the script `po2test.sed' in the `intl' subdirectory which is used to generate `msgs.h' for the test suite. This script works correctly only with GNU `sed' 3.02. If you like to run the test suite, you should definitely upgrade `sed'. If you change any of the `configure.in' files you will also need * GNU `autoconf' 2.53 or higher and if you change any of the message translation files you will need * GNU `gettext' 0.10.36 or later You may also need these packages if you upgrade your source tree using patches, although we try to avoid this. A.4 Supported Configurations ============================ The GNU C Library currently supports configurations that match the following patterns: alpha*-*-linux arm-*-linux cris-*-linux hppa-*-linux iX86-*-gnu iX86-*-linux ia64-*-linux m68k-*-linux mips*-*-linux powerpc-*-linux s390-*-linux s390x-*-linux sparc-*-linux sparc64-*-linux x86_64-*-linux Former releases of this library (version 2.1 and/or 2.0) used to run on the following configurations: arm-*-linuxaout arm-*-none Very early releases (version 1.09.1 and perhaps earlier versions) used to run on the following configurations: alpha-dec-osf1 alpha-*-linuxecoff iX86-*-bsd4.3 iX86-*-isc2.2 iX86-*-isc3.N iX86-*-sco3.2 iX86-*-sco3.2v4 iX86-*-sysv iX86-*-sysv4 iX86-force_cpu386-none iX86-sequent-bsd i960-nindy960-none m68k-hp-bsd4.3 m68k-mvme135-none m68k-mvme136-none m68k-sony-newsos3 m68k-sony-newsos4 m68k-sun-sunos4.N mips-dec-ultrix4.N mips-sgi-irix4.N sparc-sun-solaris2.N sparc-sun-sunos4.N Since no one has volunteered to test and fix these configurations, they are not supported at the moment. They probably don't compile; they definitely don't work anymore. Porting the library is not hard. If you are interested in doing a port, please contact the glibc maintainers. Start at `http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/' and read the references there on how to go about getting involved and contacting the developers. Valid cases of `iX86' include `i386', `i486', `i586', and `i686'. All of those configurations produce a library that can run on this processor and newer processors. The GCC compiler by default generates code that's optimized for the machine it's configured for and will use the instructions available on that machine. For example if your GCC is configured for `i686', gcc will optimize for `i686' and might issue some `i686' specific instructions. To generate code for other models, you have to configure for that model and give GCC the appropriate `-march=' and `-mcpu=' compiler switches via CFLAGS. A.5 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems ========================================= If you are installing GNU libc on a GNU/Linux system, you need to have the header files from a 2.2 or newer kernel around for reference. For some architectures, like ia64, sh and hppa, you need at least headers from kernel 2.3.99 (sh and hppa) or 2.4.0 (ia64). You do not need to use that kernel, just have its headers where glibc can access at them. The easiest way to do this is to unpack it in a directory such as `/usr/src/linux-2.2.1'. In that directory, run `make config' and accept all the defaults. Then run `make include/linux/version.h'. Finally, configure glibc with the option `--with-headers=/usr/src/linux-2.2.1/include'. Use the most recent kernel you can get your hands on. An alternate tactic is to unpack the 2.2 kernel and run `make config' as above; then, rename or delete `/usr/include', create a new `/usr/include', and make symbolic links of `/usr/include/linux' and `/usr/include/asm' into the kernel sources. You can then configure glibc with no special options. This tactic is recommended if you are upgrading from libc5, since you need to get rid of the old header files anyway. After installing GNU libc, you may need to remove or rename `/usr/include/linux' and `/usr/include/asm', and replace them with copies of `include/linux' and `include/asm-$ARCHITECTURE' taken from the Linux source package which supplied kernel headers for building the library. ARCHITECTURE will be the machine architecture for which the library was built, such as `i386' or `alpha'. You do not need to do this if you did not specify an alternate kernel header source using `--with-headers'. The intent here is that these directories should be copies of, *not* symlinks to, the kernel headers used to build the library. Note that `/usr/include/net' and `/usr/include/scsi' should *not* be symlinks into the kernel sources. GNU libc provides its own versions of these files. GNU/Linux expects some components of the libc installation to be in `/lib' and some in `/usr/lib'. This is handled automatically if you configure glibc with `--prefix=/usr'. If you set some other prefix or allow it to default to `/usr/local', then all the components are installed there. If you are upgrading from libc5, you need to recompile every shared library on your system against the new library for the sake of new code, but keep the old libraries around for old binaries to use. This is complicated and difficult. Consult the Glibc2 HOWTO at `http://www.imaxx.net/~thrytis/glibc' for details. You cannot use `nscd' with 2.0 kernels, due to bugs in the kernel-side thread support. `nscd' happens to hit these bugs particularly hard, but you might have problems with any threaded program. A.6 Reporting Bugs ================== There are probably bugs in the GNU C library. There are certainly errors and omissions in this manual. If you report them, they will get fixed. If you don't, no one will ever know about them and they will remain unfixed for all eternity, if not longer. It is a good idea to verify that the problem has not already been reported. Bugs are documented in two places: The file `BUGS' describes a number of well known bugs and the bug tracking system has a WWW interface at `http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/'. The WWW interface gives you access to open and closed reports. A closed report normally includes a patch or a hint on solving the problem. To report a bug, first you must find it. With any luck, this will be the hard part. Once you've found a bug, make sure it's really a bug. A good way to do this is to see if the GNU C library behaves the same way some other C library does. If so, probably you are wrong and the libraries are right (but not necessarily). If not, one of the libraries is probably wrong. It might not be the GNU library. Many historical Unix C libraries permit things that we don't, such as closing a file twice. If you think you have found some way in which the GNU C library does not conform to the ISO and POSIX standards (*note Standards and Portability::), that is definitely a bug. Report it! Once you're sure you've found a bug, try to narrow it down to the smallest test case that reproduces the problem. In the case of a C library, you really only need to narrow it down to one library function call, if possible. This should not be too difficult. The final step when you have a simple test case is to report the bug. Do this using the WWW interface to the bug database. If you are not sure how a function should behave, and this manual doesn't tell you, that's a bug in the manual. Report that too! If the function's behavior disagrees with the manual, then either the library or the manual has a bug, so report the disagreement. If you find any errors or omissions in this manual, please report them to the bug database. If you refer to specific sections of the manual, please include the section names for easier identification.